Concealed Carry & Firearms Safety Training Blog

Concealed Carry Terms Defined | ShootingClasses.com

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 14:01:43 Z

Concealed Carry Terms Defined: CCW, CCH, LTC, and More

If you’ve started researching concealed carry laws, you’ve probably run into a confusing alphabet soup of acronyms like CCW, CCH, LTC, CHP, and more. Some states require a permit, while in others, you can legally carry a weapon without one.

What do all these terms really mean? How do you know which applies to you?

This guide breaks down the different types of concealed carry laws, explains the different terminology, and helps you understand what training or permit you may need in your state.

What Is Concealed Carry?

Concealed carry is when you carry a firearm in a way that is not visible to others. This could include different concealed carry types: placing it inside the waistband (IWB), outside the waistband (OWB), under a jacket, in a bag, or using another method that keeps the firearm out of plain sight.

This is different from open carry, where the firearm can easily be seen.

Each state defines concealed carry slightly differently, but the general idea is the same: the firearm is not visible to the naked eye.

Permitless Carry vs Permitted Concealed Carry

Before getting into permit names like CCW or LTC, it helps to understand the two main ways states regulate concealed carry.

Permitless Carry (Constitutional Carry)

Many states now allow for some form of permitless carry, which means you can legally carry a concealed firearm without applying for a permit, as long as you meet the state’s legal requirements. Training may not be required by law in these states, but you should still seek training in firearm safety, state laws, and the legal use of force.

It’s also important to note that many of these states still offer optional permits, which can be useful for reciprocity when traveling.

Permitted Concealed Carry

Some states require you to obtain a permit or license before carrying a concealed firearm.

This process typically includes:

Submitting an application

Passing a background check

Completing a state-approved training course in many cases

The name of that permit varies by state, which may cause confusion.

Common Concealed Carry Terms Explained

There is no federal standard for concealed carry permits or training. It's up to each state to create its own laws, requirements, and terminology.

As a result, different states use different names for what is often a very similar process.

CCW (Concealed Carry Weapon)

One of the most widely recognized terms, CCW is often used to refer to both permits and training classes. Depending on the state, it may extend to other weapons besides handguns.

CWP (Concealed Weapons Permit)

CWP is used in states like Florida and South Carolina and may apply to more than just handguns.

CCH (Concealed Carry Handgun)

Some states, like Kentucky, use the term CCH, which focuses specifically on handguns.

CHP (Concealed Handgun Permit)

CHP is common in states like Virginia, typically referring to carrying a concealed handgun.

LTC (License to Carry)

Used in states like Texas and Massachusetts, this term may allow both open and concealed carry, depending on the state.

CPL (Concealed Pistol License)

Specifically for pistols, you may see this term in states like Michigan.

CWL (Concealed Weapons License)

This is used in place of CCW or CWP in states like Arizona.

The terms and exact requirements may differ, but the intent is the same: giving you legal authorization to carry a concealed firearm.

Acronym	Full name
ACHP	Alaska Concealed Handgun Permit
CCDW	Concealed Carry Deadly Weapons license
CCH	Concealed Carry Handgun Permit
CCHL	Concealed Carry Handgun License
CCL	Concealed Carry License
CCP	Concealed Carry Permit
CCPL	Concealed Carry Pistol License
CCW	Concealed Carry Weapons
CDWL	Concealed Deadly Weapon License
CFP	Concealed Firearm Permit
CHCL	Concealed Handgun Carry License
CHCP	Concealed Handgun Carry Permit
CHL	Concealed Handgun License
CHP	Concealed Handgun Permit
CPL	Concealed Pistol License
CTTP	Connecticut Pistol Permit
CTTSP	Connecticut State Pistol Permit
CWL	Concealed Weapons License
CWFL	Concealed Weapon or Firearm License
CWP	Concealed Weapons Permit
E-CWL	Enhanced Concealed Weapons License
E-CHCL	Enhanced Concealed Handgun Carry License
ECHP	Enhanced Concealed Carry Permit
EHCP	Enhanced Handgun Carry Permit
Enhanced	Enhanced Permit to Carry Concealed Weapon
HGP	Handgun Permit
LCCW	License to Carry a Concealed Weapon
LTC	License to Carry
LTCDW	License to Carry Deadly Weapon
LTCF	License to Carry Firearms
LTCH	License to Carry a Handgun
NYPL	New York Pistol License
PCW	Permit to Carry Weapons
PRL	Pistol/Revolver License
PTC	Permit to Carry
SDAL	Self defense Act License
SDAHL	SDA Handgun License
WCL	Weapons Carry License
WCP	Wear and Carry Permit
WL	Weapons License

Does the Class Name Matter?

Adding to the confusion, concealed carry training classes also have different names:

CCW Class: Designed to meet requirements for a Concealed Carry Weapon permit or to teach general concealed carry fundamentals

LTC Class: Satisfies a state’s License to Carry requirements, often including legal instruction and a shooting qualification.

CHP Class: A course aligned with a Concealed Handgun Permit, typically focused on handgun safety, laws, and basic proficiency

The name of the class isn't what's important. What really matters is if it satisfies your state’s legal requirements. Always verify that the course is approved if your state requires training.

How to Find the Right Concealed Carry Class

Don't know where to start? Here's an easy process for finding the right class:

Look up your state’s current concealed carry laws

Determine whether a permit is required

Search for classes that meet your state’s requirements

Choose a certified instructor or training provider

Even in permitless carry states, taking a class can help you better understand safety, legal responsibilities, and real-world application.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is CCW the same as concealed carry?

CCW is a commonly used term for concealed carry, but it can also refer to a specific permit or class, depending on the state.

What’s the difference between CCW and LTC?

The difference is mostly in the name. Both terms for concealed carry typically refer to legal authorization to carry a concealed firearm, depending on the state.

What is permitless carry?

With permitless carry, you can carry a concealed firearm without a permit, as long as you meet legal requirements.

Do I still need training if my state has permitless carry?

Yes, even if your state doesn't require training, you should take a course to ensure weapon safety and legal awareness.

How do I know which class I need?

Start by checking your state’s requirements, then choose a course that meets those guidelines.

Do you need a permit for open carry?

It depends on where you live. Some states allow open carry without a permit, some require one, and others have tighter restrictions.

Because the rules vary by state, check your local laws before carrying openly.

Do Permit laws dictate concealed carry types?

Generally, no. Most concealed carry laws don't dictate what type of holster you use or the position in which you carry your weapon. Whether you carry inside the waistband, outside the waistband, in a shoulder holster, pocket holster, ankle holster, or another method is typically up to you.

Focus Less on Concealed Carry Terms

What your state calls concealed carry doesn't really matter. What's important is that you meet the requirements and receive the proper training before you carry.

If you’re ready to get started, use ShootingClasses.com to find concealed carry classes and instructors in your area.

You Want to Buy Your First Gun: Where Do You Start?

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 08:44:24 Z

My goal for this article is to simplify this down to a few key points and make the process a whole lot simpler and less intimidating for the first-time handgun buyer.

Decide what the intended purpose of this gun is. This will help you narrow down some options like size, caliber, accessories, holster and storage choices. Reliability is of utmost importance – would you trust your life with a cheap gun?
- Concealed carry (may be on the slimmer, smaller side)
- Home defense (can be a larger gun)
- Range fun (might be a smaller caliber)
- Competition (will be a larger, heavier choice)
Multiple visits to your local range are in order to help you narrow down which gun is right for you. No one else can tell you which one is right for you. Don’t be afraid to tell the range officers that you are trying different guns to decide on one to purchase-they are very helpful and knowledgeable.
- Does the gun fit comfortably in my hand?
- Can I grip the gun with all of my fingers?
- Can I reach the magazine release & slide lock?
- Can I reach the trigger?
- Can I rack the slide?
- Can I manage the recoil?
- Can I see the front sight? Will I need an optic?
Research your state and federal laws regarding:
- Concealed carry and open carry
- Stand your ground laws and castle doctrine
- Gun storage
- Gun-free zones
- Transporting firearms
- Reciprocity – which other states honor your state’s permit to carry?
- Magazine capacity and ammunition types
  
  See how to choose the right ammunition!
Apply for your concealed carry permit (even if you have not decided to carry concealed yet).
Cleaning your guns regularly is an important chore that most folks don’t think about when they take on the responsibility of gun ownership.

Owning a firearm is a significant responsibility, and it emphasizes the importance of developing proficiency and safety through regular practice and training.

Look for training opportunities in your area at ShootingClasses.com.

Bonus Tip: Importance of Dry Firing

What is dry firing and why is it important? Check out my previous blog about mastering the fundamentals and how to practice safely.

Build Your Confidence = A Successful & Safer Gun Owner

Investing in training courses, joining a local shooting range, and regularly practicing at the range are all excellent ways to build your confidence and become a more proficient gun owner. Remember, the more comfortable and skilled you become with your firearm, the safer you'll be.

Buying a gun is not just about the firearm itself but also about embracing the responsibility that comes with ownership. By taking the time to educate yourself, assess your needs, set a budget, ask the right questions, and seek expert advice, you’ll be well on your way to making an informed and responsible decision when buying your first gun.

What Is More Important: Speed or Accuracy?

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 12:31:16 Z

Obviously the most important skill to master is Safety, but generally, the question is usually speed or accuracy. The answer, as my good lawyer friend Deron Boring, 1791 Consulting always replies: “Well, It Depends?”:

So, what does speed and accuracy depend on?

What is the situation, competition or life and death?
What is the proximity of the intended target, 3 feet, 3 yards, 25 yards?
What is the size of the intended target, 1 inch, 6 inches, 6 feet?
Is the target stationary or moving?
How good your awareness and ability to access the need for speed and accuracy is?
And a myriad of other factors!

And why is it important?

If you are competing in sport shooting (IDPA, USPSA, etc.) speed with accuracy determines whether you win or lose.
If the situation is life or death you must be able to react appropriately or the consequences to you and others can be grave.

Instead of asking, which is more important speed or accuracy, the better questions are:

What skill (s) should one master to know and develop their own personal ability to deliver the most accurate shot, the fastest given the need, and execute those skills on demand with subconscious confidence?

How does one develop speed and accuracy skills?

Training: Finding an instructor that can effectively train and coach you on what it takes to do things the right way and efficiently based on your abilities. Breaking down every detail is not as easy as it sounds. Nike’s “Just do It” does not apply here. Finding and Instructor / Teacher / Coach who can properly train you is the first challenge.
Practice: Training teaches you the “what’s and how’s, but only your discipline to practice allows you to cement and incrementally improve that training over time. There is a saying: “Some train until they get it right, some train (practice) until they can’t get it wrong”.

As one of the owners of ShootingClasses.com, when possible I like to meet and get to know instructors, what they teach and how they teach. I recently had that pleasure with Brian Hill, The Complete Combatant. Brian is a nationally known great instructor and teaches classes around the country, so when I saw he was teaching a class 120 miles from me I had to register, regardless of what the class was. The class was his 2-Day Pistol Essentials and Beyond course held at a private range outside Toledo, OH.

The course is 2 days of comprehensive learning how to master and apply each of the fundamental skills required to deliver fast and accurate shots (essential pistol skills), delivered on an individual level. Although there were 14 students in the class with a variety of skill levels, Brian effectively learned each student’s needs and abilities and was able to focus on each need and work with all of us on the techniques required to develop our skills.

Brian had a great way of dividing his time with teaching (the how’s and why’s), demonstrating, and then coaching every student on applying those skills.

We painstakingly went through all the fundamentals and eac one’s effect on speed and accuracy, then did multiple drills throughout the 2 days to specifically improve each one

During each one Brian demonstrated, then watched and coached every student to improve their performance. Timers were always in use!

At the end of the 2 days, we were all allowed free time to individually work on the areas we felt we needed to improve most. Everything about the 2-day class was how Brian could make each one of us better.

I know I left with my personal laundry list of drills to incorporate in my daily training. Thank you Brian, I will be ordering your targets we used in class to train with, they were a great training tool.

Taking classes that develops the essential pistols skills is a must for every person that owns and carries a firearm. Instructors are forever students themselves.

If an instructor does not currently offer courses that focuses on developing fundamentals for speed and accuracy I recommend adding one. Students will love you for it.

I also recommend taking Brian’s class if possible to gain some of his knowledge and teaching skills. It will be well worth it.

As my good friend, ShootingClasses partner and “13 Hours in Benghazi” hero Dave “Boon” Benton tells us there are 3 phases of shooting, Marksmanship Validation (Pistol Essentials) and …. (take a listen)

Dave “Boon” Benton describes the 3 levels of Firearms Training

Mastering the fundamentals (training and practice) are essential steps to developing your abilities to accomplish both speed and accuracy.

Find Firearms Training

PROPORTIONALITY IN SELF-DEFENSE LAW EXPLAINED

Thu, 16 Jul 2026 14:16:03 Z

The Law of Self Defense: Element 3 – Proportionality

In my previous article titled “The Law of Self Defense: Element 2 – Imminence” I focused on when you can use defensive force in self-defense.

In this article, I would like to discuss the third element of “The Law of Self-Defense”: Proportionality.

Proportionality– What is it?

Proportionality

The element of Proportionality means that the amount of defensive force you use against your attacker must not be greater than the amount of force used against you.

When talking about the element of Proportionality, I am referencing your use of force in a self-defense incident.

There are basically two types of defensive force: Non-Deadly Force and Deadly Force

Non-Deadly Force: Often referred to as less-than lethal force, non-deadly force is force that is not expected to cause death or serious bodily injury.
Deadly Force: Often referred to as lethal force, deadly force is force that is expected to cause death or serious bodily injury. Serious bodily injury can include permanent disfigurement or long-term damage to a part of the body. Examples include (but not limited to) broken bones, loss of a limb, severe burns, spinal cord injuries, and traumatic brain injuries, etc.).

Using deadly force in response to a non-deadly force threat will cause you to lose the element of Proportionality in self-defense. If someone punches or slaps you and you respond by stabbing them with a knife or shooting them with a gun, then such force in both situations would be deemed disproportionate and unlawful.

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN THE USE OF DEFENSIVE FORCE:

Duration of Force: Whether your use of defensive force is deadly or non-deadly in nature, you can only use enough force to stop the threat. Once the threat is stopped and the attacker has been immobilized, you must cease your use of further force. This relates to the element of Imminence that was discussed in the previous article.

EXAMPLE 1: Non-Deadly Force
If an unarmed assailant physically attacks you and you pull out your pepper spray or pepper gel and deliver two blasts into their eyes, you can’t go up to the assailant once they hit the ground, blinded by the chemical irritant, and begin stomping and kicking him/her. The assailant is no longer an imminent non-deadly force threat. The threat has stopped once the assailant hit the ground. Remember what I said in the previous article on Imminence. The threat must be “in progress or immediately about to happen.” Since the threat has stopped and the assailant has been immobilized, the “window” to use non-deadly force in this case has closed.

EXAMPLE 2: Deadly Force:
If you shoot an attacker in defensive deadly force and the threat has stopped you cannot continue shooting the attacker as in a “mag dump” of your pistol. Any shots made after the threat has stopped and the attacker has been immobilized would be considered unnecessary and unlawful. Such force would be deemed excessive and you would lose the element of Proportionality. In addition, you could be criminally charged and face prosecution.

REMEMBER: You don’t shoot to kill. You shoot to stop the threat.

WHY THE NEED FOR LESS-LETHAL OPTIONS FOR SELF DEFENSE?

There is a common misconception. Many people think that a firearm is the answer for every self-defense or use of force encounter. Nothing could be further from the truth. If you subscribe to that mentality and think a firearm is the ONLY weapon you need for self-defense you are sadly mistaken. You open yourself up to serious legal consequences should you find yourself in a non-deadly force encounter, need to defend yourself, and your only available option is a firearm in response to that non-deadly force threat.

A license to carry a firearm is NOT a license to kill. A firearm is NOT a universal weapon for self-defense. Not all self-defense situations rise to the level of the legal justification of deadly force.
According to the FBI and Department of Justice, you are five times more likely to be involved in a non-deadly force encounter than a deadly force encounter.

All the more reason to have some type or less-lethal weapon readily available should you have to use defensive force in self-defense involving a non-deadly force threat.

As you consider less-lethal options for self-defense, I encourage you to have a diversified self-defense toolbox. You want to have options and choose those that are most comfortable for you. The most common are pepper spray and pepper gel. They are easy to use and can readily be carried upon your person for quick access if needed to stop an imminent physical threat.

Other less-lethal options include the following:

Stun guns
Tasers
Expandable batons
Chemical and kinetic CO2 launchers (ie: Byrna, Salt Supply, etc.)
Tactical pens

Weapons such as these, while generally considered less-lethal in nature, can still be used to inflict death or serious bodily injury, if used in an inappropriate manner. If you use a CO2 launcher and shoot someone in the eye, for example, and that person loses an eye you may face criminal charges for the use of deadly force involving a non-deadly force threat. That is because the definition of deadly force includes “serious bodily injury” also.

Furthermore, I want to say that I legally own and carry a firearm every day for self-defense. I strongly support the Second Amendment. With that said, I realize the necessity for also having other less-lethal options readily available for self-defense. If you carry a firearm in public for self-defense make sure you ALWAYS have less-lethal options readily available in the event you are faced with a non-deadly force encounter. I carry pepper spray and pepper gel with me at all times while carrying concealed in public.

REMEMBER: A firearm is NOT universal weapon for self-defense. You are also five times more likely to be involved in a non-deadly use of force threat than a deadly use of force threat.

CONTINUUM Use OF FORCE FOR CIVILIANS

Understanding the concept of the "force continuum" can empower citizens to make better informed and lawful decisions during self-defense situations.

The level of force used should be proportional to the perceived threat you are defending against. Escalating or using excessive force beyond what is necessary to immobilize the attacker and neutralize the threat can lead to legal consequences such as being criminally charged, prosecuted, and imprisonment if convicted – even for civilians acting in self-defense.

Listed below is a diagram to illustrate the Continuum of Force for Civilians:

Source: CCW Safe

I would like to briefly define and discuss each of the five levels within this continuum of force model.

AVOIDANCE: The best fight is the one that you never find yourself in. When it comes to personal safety and self-defense, it is always prudent and reasonable to try and avoid putting yourself into situations that carry a higher risk of death or serious bodily injury. Even if you reside in a “Stand Your Ground” state where there is no generalized “duty to retreat” it is always in your best interest, both physically and legally, to mitigate the risk by seeking to avoid a confrontation. Think of it like electricity – you want to take the path of least resistance. Strive to find an escape if you can reasonably do so without increasing your jeopardy or safety. Avoidance should be considered as a primary “best practice” in the civilian use of force continuum.

LEVEL 1 - SITUTATIONAL AWARENESS: Situational awareness is the first level in the civilian use of force continuum. It is your most powerful tool and an essential part of self-defense. It is considered your foundation in self-defense. Situational awareness serves as the building block in developing your self-defense knowledge and the skills necessary to protect you and your family from criminal predation.
Situational awareness is the ability to perceive, understand, and effectively respond to one's situation. It involves comprehending a given circumstance, gathering relevant information, analyzing it, and making informed decisions to successfully address any potential risks, hazards, or events that might occur.

Situational awareness is a mental process that involves:

Observation: Using your senses to monitor the people and actions around you.

Orientation: Thinking about what's around you and how you're processing information.

Decision: Weighing your options and looking for the best possible outcome.

Action: Using the previous information to protect yourself and get to safety.

These actions are commonly referred as the OODA Loop.

LEVEL 2 – THREAT ASSESSMENT: Threat assessment is the second level in the civilian use of force continuum. Situational awareness and threat assessment go hand in hand. Here you are looking for things that appear outside the norm. Learn to trust your intuition and consistently strive to develop good situational awareness skills.

One of the ways you can best discern if a potential threat is legitimate is through Jeff Cooper’s Color Codes. In the book, “Principles of Personal Defense,” Cooper broke down situational awareness into four distinct levels of escalating levels:

Code White: Unaware, Unprepared, “Tuned Out”
Code Yellow: Relaxed, Prepared, Aware. Good Situational Awareness
Code Orange: Identified potential threat. Ready to act.
Code Red: High alert. Action required. Actively engaged in emergency response.

Some police and self-defense instructors have added a fifth color code – Black - which was not part of Jeff Cooper’s original book.

Code Black: Complete panic and mental shutdown. Inability to react effectively. Freeze or become paralyzed by stress.

Ideally you want to be in Code Yellow. You are not living in a constant state of fear or paranoia, however, you are continuously scanning for potential threats as you go about your daily activities. You remain relaxed but focused on what is going on around you without being distracted. As you continue to develop your situational awareness skills, you will be able to do this rather seamlessly.

You should never be in Code White unless you are sleeping.

Threat assessment also involves determining what type of threat you are facing – Deadly or non-deadly. The type of threat you are actually facing will dictate the amount of defensive force you may lawfully use in response to that threat.

REMEMBER: Your use of defensive force must be proportional. The amount of defensive force you may legally use cannot be greater than the amount of force you are defending against.

Deadly Force: You can use deadly force to defend against a threat of death or serious bodily injury.

Non-deadly: You cannot use deadly force to defend against a non-deadly force threat (one that does not result in death serious bodily injury).

LEVEL 3 – SEEK ASSISTANCE: Seek assistance is the third level in the civilian use of force continuum.

If you are involved in a use of force incident, it is critical that you be the first person to call 911 - no matter how small or inconsequential you may think the matter was.
The first person to call 911 is seen as the “victim” in a use of force incident. If the “bad guy” calls 911 first and reports that you attacked him and you do nothing, police will be looking for YOU and YOU will be considered as the “suspect”. You have then increased your chances of being arrested and criminally prosecuted.

The first person to call 911 after a use of force event controls the narrative. If you are the “victim” you need to act and respond like the “victim.”

Example: You draw your firearm, pepper spray, or other weapon in self-defense to what you perceived was an imminent physical threat. The person who is threatening you stops their conduct and leaves the scene. You think nothing about it and go about your normal business. Unknown to you, the “bad guy” goes and calls the police telling them that you threatened them with a weapon. The police respond and now you are viewed by police as the “suspect.”

911 calls are on a recorded line. The moment the phone starts ringing recording is already in progress before the 911 dispatcher answers the call. Do not make any incriminating statements (talking to yourself about what happened or to others standing nearby). 911 calls are among the first pieces of evidence to be subpoenaed in a self-defense criminal trial. Such incriminating statements can have an adverse effect on your claim of lawful self-defense.

LEVEL 4 – ACTION: Action is the fourth level in the civilian use of force continuum.
I mentioned earlier under Avoidance that the best fight is the one you never find yourself in. If you do find yourself facing a non-deadly force threat and you are unable to escape without increasing your jeopardy or safety, de-escalation is a good option. I briefly talked about the importance of de-escalation in self-defense in my previous article The Law of Self Defense: Element 2 – Imminence,

The goal is to avoid confrontation through the process of de-escalation and verbalization.

De-escalation: When emotions are running high in a confrontation, things can take a wrong turn very quickly. You want to be able to take reasonable steps to “bring the temperature down.” Physically removing yourself from the scene without increasing your jeopardy or safety is always a good option. If you are unable to do so and depending where you are, use physical barriers to create distance between you and an attacker. Generally speaking, there is safety in distance when you are dealing with a non-deadly force threat vs. a deadly force threat (you can’t outrun a bullet).

Verbalization: Communication is a vital part of the Action step. Be aware of your tone and the words you use when facing a volatile person. Talk calmly while showing patience and understanding.

Not all situations can be addressed through de-escalation and verbalization. If you are facing an imminent deadly force threat, for example, you will most certainly not be able to attempt de-escalation. You will be compelled to immediately respond to the threat that is already in progress or immediately about to happen. You will need to take immediate physical action to immobilize the attacker and neutralize the threat.

Whatever level of force you decide to use in self-defense (non-deadly or deadly) it must be reasonable. Reasonableness is one of the required elements from the Law of Self Defense that I will discuss further in the fifth article of this series.

LEVEL 5 – DEADLY FORCE: Deadly force is the fifth level in the civilian use of force continuum.

The use of deadly force should ALWAYS be your last resort.

I cannot stress enough the importance of having a thorough understanding on each of the five elements of the Law of Self Defense. You must have all five of these elements in your favor (unless one or more are legally waived) in order to have a lawful self-defense claim. Lose any one of these elements and your self-defense claim collapses in its entirety.

The moment you pull the trigger in “self-defense” your life will change forever – legally, financially, emotionally, and psychologically. You may survive the physical fight, however, there is the legal fight to consider. Even if you though you did everything right, you may still be arrested, criminally prosecuted, and possibly face decades or perhaps life imprisonment if convicted.

The costs of defending yourself in a criminal trial are astronomical. You can reasonably expect to accumulate $150,000 to $200,000 in attorney fees and legal expenses in pre-trial costs alone.

Depending upon the complexities of your case, these costs could escalate to approximately $400,000 or more just to defend yourself against criminal liability.

Then there is also the civil trial to consider. The victim or the victim’s family sues you in court for monetary damages associated with the shooting.

Know the legal boundaries of self-defense. Protect yourself from criminal and civil liability.

QUESTION: Am I required to progress through each of the five levels systematically before I can use deadly defensive force?

ANSWER: No.

While the use of deadly force should be a last resort option, circumstances can occur where you would not be required to systematically go through each level before using deadly defensive force.

EXAMPLE:
A situation can start out as non-deadly. Perhaps you and another person are having some type of verbal confrontation. Before you can attempt to remove yourself from the confrontation (Avoidance) or possibly attempt to de-escalate the situation (Level 4: Action), the other person suddenly exhibits a firearm and attempts to shoot or points it at you. At this point, you are now facing an imminent deadly force threat. The other person just escalated what was a non-deadly force threat into deadly force threat. You would immediately escalate your response to Level 5: Deadly Force in response to that deadly force threat. After being compelled to use deadly force, then you would go to Level 3: Seek Assistance and call 911 to request police and medical response to your location.

KEY TAKE-AWAYS ON PROPORTIONALITY IN SELF-DEFENSE:

Your use of force must be proportional. It cannot be greater that the amount of force you are defending against.
Develop your situational awareness and threat assessments skills to help you make informed decisions in self-defense.
Be the first to call 911 if involved in any use force event.
A firearm is not a universal weapon for all use of force event.
Have a diversified self-defense toolbox that includes less-lethal options.
You don’t shoot to kill. You shoot to stop the threat.
The best fight is the one that you are never in (Avoidance)
Not all situations can be de-escalated.
The use of deadly force should always be your last resort.

Source content for this article is derived largely in part from the following:

Law of Self Defense Principles (Andrew F. Branca) Attorney at Law, internationally recognized self-defense, and use of force expert.

CCW Safe – a leading provider of comprehensive self-defense coverage against criminal and civil liability.

In the next article of this series, I will discuss the fourth element of the Law of Self Defense – Avoidance.
In this element, I will cover Stand Your Ground vs. Duty to Retreat as well as the Castle Doctrine.
I hope you will join me as we move through each of the five elements of the Law of Self Defense.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

Terry L. Pittman is a North Carolina resident and concealed handgun permit holder since 2013, who is passionate about helping others understand the legal boundaries of self-defense and the importance of being prepared with both education and post-incident liability coverage. A graduate of the Charlotte Police Academy (1982), Terry served with the Charlotte Park Police from 1981–1984 and later volunteered with the Cornelius, NC Police Department from 2017–2025. He also remains active as a civilian participant in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department Ride-Along Program, where he has been involved since 2016.

Through his writing and social media presence, Terry focuses on lawful self-defense topics and encourages responsible, informed decision-making for individuals and families. While he is not an attorney and does not provide legal advice, he urges anyone with legal questions or involvement in a use-of-force incident to consult a qualified attorney in their jurisdiction. Terry is also a registered affiliate with Law of Self Defense and CCW Safe, organizations he and his wife Wendy consider key components of their personal self-defense plan.

Open Carry Training: Downsides Responsible Gun Owners Must Know

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 20:04:50 Z

Open carry may be legal in many places, but legal does not always mean smart in every situation. A visible handgun changes the way strangers see you. It may change the way a business owner treats you. It may also change the way a criminal evaluates you.

That is why open carry training must be direct. The question is not only, “Am I allowed to carry openly?” The better question is, “What problems do I create when I advertise that I am armed?”

You Give Up the Element of Surprise

A concealed firearm is private information. An openly carried firearm is public information.

If a violent criminal sees your gun, he knows where it is, which side you carry on, and what he must deal with first. That may not scare him away. It may simply cause him to change his plan.

Some people argue that open carry deters crime. Sometimes it might. But deterrence is not guaranteed. A determined attacker may decide to surprise you first, distract you, come up from behind, or target the gun before you have time to react.

When you carry concealed, the attacker may not know you are armed until you choose to act. When you carry openly, he knows before the fight starts.

You May Put a Target on Your Back

Open carry can make you stand out. In some places, you may become the most noticeable person in the room.

A visible firearm may attract nervous customers, curious strangers, store employees, managers, law enforcement, or criminals. Some people may stare. Others may challenge you. A few may try to provoke you.

That is a bad place for an armed citizen to be. If you are carrying a firearm, you should be trying to avoid unnecessary attention, not invite it.

Responsible carry is not about proving a point. It is about protecting life.

Gun Grabs Are Real

One of the biggest problems with open carry is simple: the gun is visible, reachable, and tempting to the wrong person.

Even trained police officers have had guns grabbed, pulled, or fired during struggles. Officers use duty holsters, receive training, and still face gun-grab attempts. If that can happen to a trained officer, a civilian with a visible handgun and little retention training should take the risk seriously.

A criminal does not need to win a gunfight if he can take your gun before the fight begins. He only needs a moment of surprise, a poor holster, a crowded space, or access to your gun side.

This is one reason defensive pistol training should include awareness, distance, retention concepts, and decision-making instead of only slow-fire marksmanship.

Open carry without retention training is a dangerous fantasy. A basic open-top holster may hold a pistol while you walk around. That does not mean it will protect the gun from a grab.

Retention Is Not Just Equipment

A retention holster is important, but it is not magic. Equipment can help. It cannot replace awareness.

Open carry training should include how to protect the gun side of the body, keep distance, avoid letting strangers crowd you, and recognize when someone is closing space for the wrong reason.

If you are standing in line, do you know who is behind you? If you are pumping gas, is your gun side exposed? If you are in a store aisle, can someone come up behind you? These are not range questions. These are public-carry questions.

The person who carries openly must think about access to the gun from every direction, especially from the rear and the gun side.

Store Policies Still Matter

Open carry can create conflict with private businesses. A store may allow lawful concealed carry but discourage or prohibit open carry. A manager may ask you to leave. An employee may not know the law. Another customer may complain.

The right answer is not to argue at the counter.

If a business asks you to leave, leave calmly. Do not debate. Do not lecture. Do not turn a policy disagreement into a public scene while armed.

The goal of carrying a firearm is safety. It is not to create unnecessary conflict.

Concealed Carry Often Makes More Sense

Open carry may be legal. It may even be appropriate in some settings. But for many ordinary public situations, concealed carry is often the more practical choice.

Concealed carry helps you avoid unnecessary attention. It protects the fact that you are armed. It reduces the chance that someone will target the gun itself. It also lets you move through public places without turning your firearm into the first thing people notice.

For many students, the smarter path is not simply choosing open carry or concealed carry. The smarter path is getting proper Florida concealed carry training before carrying in public.

Concealed carry does not solve everything. You still need safe handling, a good holster, lawful judgment, and training. But privacy can be valuable.

Open Carry Training Should Be Honest

Open carry training should not pretend that a visible gun automatically makes you safer. It may deter some people. It may alarm others. It may attract attention. It may create arguments. It may give up surprise. It may also give a criminal a clear target.

Before you carry openly in public, get training. Learn the law. Understand private-property issues. Use a secure holster. Practice awareness. Learn when to leave. Learn when not to argue. Learn that the gun is not a badge, a warning sign, or a conversation starter.

A firearm is a last-resort defensive tool. Carry it with humility, discipline, and good judgment.

Students who want practical firearm training in North Central Florida should look for instruction that covers safety, judgment, lawful carry, and real-world responsibility.

House of Worship Emergency Operations Plan Guide

Fri, 19 Jun 2026 11:55:40 Z

Why Every House of Worship Needs an Emergency Operations Plan (EOP)

Places of worship are built on a foundation of peace, community, and trust. They are sanctuaries where people gather to reflect, connect, and find spiritual strength. But in today’s world, even these sacred spaces are not immune to emergencies. From medical incidents and natural disasters to security threats and unexpected disruptions, the reality is clear: preparation is no longer optional—it is essential.

An Emergency Operations Plan for a house of worship is a written plan that helps leaders, staff and volunteers respond to medical emergencies, severe weather, fires, security threats and other unexpected incidents. A strong EOP outlines who is responsible, how communication will happen and what steps should be taken when seconds matter.

An Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) is one of the most important tools a house of worship can develop. It provides a structured, well-thought-out approach to handling crises, ensuring that leaders, staff, volunteers, and congregants know exactly what to do when seconds matter most.

The Reality We Must Acknowledge

No one wants to imagine an emergency occurring during a service, event, or gathering. However, history has shown that houses of worship can face a wide range of incidents, including:

Medical emergencies (heart attacks, seizures, falls)
Fires or utility failures
Severe weather events
Missing or vulnerable persons
Disruptive individuals
Active threats or violence

The goal of an EOP is not to create fear—it is to replace uncertainty with clarity. When people know what to do, they are far more likely to respond effectively and remain calm under pressure.

What Is an Emergency Operations Plan?

An Emergency Operations Plan is a comprehensive guide that outlines how an organization will respond to various emergencies. For a house of worship, this means creating clear procedures tailored to your specific building, congregation size, leadership structure, and community risks.

A strong EOP answers critical questions:

Who is in charge during an emergency?
How will communication be handled?
What are the evacuation or lockdown procedures?
Where are safe areas located?
How will emergency services be contacted and supported?
What roles do staff and volunteers play?

Without these answers, even well-intentioned individuals may hesitate or act inconsistently—costing valuable time.

The Importance of Staying Calm and Avoiding Overreaction

One of the most overlooked aspects of emergency preparedness is emotional control. Panic can spread quickly in a crowded environment, especially in a place where people feel safe and may not expect danger.

An effective EOP emphasizes:

Clear leadership and decision-making
Simple, repeatable procedures
Communication that is calm, direct, and authoritative

Overreacting can create confusion, cause injuries, and escalate situations unnecessarily. A well-trained team understands how to assess a situation, take appropriate action, and guide others with confidence.

What Should a House of Worship EOP Include?

1. Leadership Structure and Roles

Every emergency plan must establish a chain of command. This includes:

A designated incident leader
Backup leaders in case the primary is unavailable
Clearly defined roles for staff and volunteers

Examples of roles may include:

Security or safety team members
Medical response volunteers
Greeters or ushers trained in evacuation procedures
Communication coordinators

When roles are pre-assigned, there is no confusion about who does what.

2. Communication Planning

Communication is critical during any emergency. Your plan should address:

How to alert the congregation (PA system, verbal commands, signals)
How to contact emergency services (who calls 911 and what they say)
Internal communication between leaders (radios, phones, messaging apps)

A key concept is preparing to provide clear information:

Where the incident is happening
What is occurring
Who is involved

This information helps first responders act quickly and effectively.

3. Evacuation Procedures

Not every emergency requires people to stay inside. Fires, gas leaks, and structural concerns may require immediate evacuation.

Your plan should include:

Clearly marked exits
Primary and secondary evacuation routes
Designated assembly areas
Procedures for assisting children, elderly, or disabled individuals

Regular walkthroughs and drills can ensure these routes are understood and accessible.

4. Lockdown and Shelter-in-Place Protocols

In some situations, leaving the building is not the safest option. A lockdown or shelter-in-place approach may be necessary.

This includes:

Securing doors and access points
Moving people to safer, less visible areas
Maintaining silence and control
Applying the principles of Run, Hide, Fight when appropriate

Training your team on when and how to implement these measures is critical.

5. Medical Response Preparedness

Medical emergencies are among the most common incidents in houses of worship.

An effective EOP should include:

Location of first aid kits and AEDs
Volunteers trained in CPR and basic first aid
Procedures for guiding emergency medical services to the scene
Crowd management to allow responders access

Quick, organized action can save lives in these situations.

6. Coordination with Local Emergency Services

Your house of worship should not plan in isolation. Building relationships with local police, fire, and EMS agencies provides significant advantages.
Consider:

Inviting local responders to tour your facility
Sharing your floor plans and emergency procedures
Asking for feedback on your EOP
Coordinating joint drills or exercises

Familiarity with your building can greatly improve response times and effectiveness.

How Does Training Make an EOP More Effective?

An Emergency Operations Plan is only effective if people understand it and can apply it.

Training should include:

Staff and volunteer briefings
Scenario-based discussions
Periodic drills (evacuation, lockdown, medical response)
Reinforcement of key principles like staying calm and communicating clearly

Training builds confidence. Confidence reduces panic. And reduced panic leads to better outcomes.

Protecting What Matters Most

Houses of worship are more than buildings—they are communities. They bring together families, children, seniors, and individuals seeking connection and purpose.

An EOP is ultimately about protecting:

Lives
Peace of mind
The continuity of your mission

Preparedness demonstrates care, responsibility, and leadership. It reassures your congregation that their safety is taken seriously.

Overcoming Common Objections

Some leaders hesitate to implement an EOP because they worry it may create fear or feel unnecessary. Common concerns include:

“It won’t happen here.”
Unfortunately, emergencies can happen anywhere. Preparation is about readiness, not expectation.

“We don’t want to alarm our congregation.”
When communicated properly, preparedness actually builds confidence and trust.

“We don’t have the resources.”
An effective plan does not require a large budget—only commitment, organization, and training.

How Can a House of Worship Start Creating an EOP?

Creating an Emergency Operations Plan may seem overwhelming, but it starts with simple steps:

Assess your risks and vulnerabilities
Identify leaders and key roles
Develop basic procedures for common emergencies
Communicate the plan to your team
Train and refine over time

Progress is more important than perfection. A simple, practiced plan is far more effective than a complex plan that no one understands.

Conclusion: Preparation Is a Responsibility

In times of crisis, people look to leaders for direction. Having a well-developed Emergency Operations Plan ensures that direction is clear, confident, and effective.

Preparation is not about fear—it is about stewardship. It is about taking responsibility for the safety and well-being of those who gather under your care.

Emergencies are unpredictable. Your response doesn’t have to be.

By developing and implementing an Emergency Operations Plan, your house of worship can remain what it was always meant to be—a place of safety, strength, and community—even in the most challenging moments.

Looking for training that supports emergency preparedness? Explore safety, medical and personal protection classes on ShootingClasses.com.

Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes and is not a substitute for legal advice. Laws regarding self-defense vary significantly by jurisdiction and are subject to change.

Concealed Carry for Women: Choosing the Right Carry Method

Thu, 04 Jun 2026 12:08:25 Z

As an instructor, one of the most common questions I hear from women in concealed carry classes is: “What’s the best way for me to carry?” The honest answer is that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. Concealed carry for women often depends on body shape, lifestyle, comfort, clothing choices, and the ability to access the firearm safely and consistently.

What Is the Best Concealed Carry Method for Women?

Women often arrive at class using a wide variety of carry methods. I see them experimenting with everything from waistband, ankle, thigh and bra holsters to purses and athletic wear systems. Some are excellent choices, while others may need adjustment for safety or efficiency. Sometimes small wardrobe adjustments make a major difference. A sturdy belt, layered clothing, or purpose-designed concealed carry apparel can dramatically improve comfort and concealment. I also remind students that just because a carry method is comfortable does not automatically make it safe or effective. The key is finding a carry method that is safe, accessible, comfortable, and realistic for everyday life.

Go to ShootingClasses.com to search for concealed carry classes near you.

Safety is always the priority in any concealed carry class. While I understand women use many different carry methods in daily life, there are times when certain methods may be restricted during live-fire training.

For example:

Unsafe holsters that collapse or fail to cover the trigger guard are not permitted
Some off-body methods may be restricted during draw exercises
Certain appendix setups may require additional safety considerations
Fashion holsters that lack retention or stability are discouraged

The goal is to create a safe learning environment while helping students improve their setup.

Methods of Carry Commonly Seen in Class

Inside-the-Waistband Concealed Carry

Appendix (AIWB) and Inside The Waistband (IWB) are the most common and effective methods of concealed carry. The holster sits inside the waistband,

Advantages

Excellent firearm retention
Faster access during emergencies
Better control of the firearm
Easier to protect from unauthorized access

Disadvantages

Can be uncomfortable depending on body type or clothing
Women’s fashion often lacks supportive belts or structured waistlines
Requires a quality holster and belt setup

Belly Bands and Athletic Wear Carry

Popular among women who wear leggings, workout clothing, or outfits without belts.

Advantages

Flexible for active lifestyles
Works well with casual clothing
Comfortable for many women

Disadvantages

Slower draw speed
Retention quality varies greatly
Some models do not adequately protect the trigger guard
Slow to reholster

Pocket Carry

Usually used with small firearms and a proper pocket holster.

Advantages

Simple and discreet
Easy for quick errands
Comfortable for some clothing styles

Disadvantages

Limited to very small firearms
Slower access
Pockets must remain free of other objects

Off-Body Carry

This is extremely common among women because it often feels more comfortable and convenient (Purse, Backpack, Fanny Pack, Tote Bag).

Advantages

Easier to conceal larger firearms
Comfortable when clothing options are limited
No need for belts or specialized clothing

Disadvantages

The highest risk of separation from the firearm
Slower access under stress
Purses are frequent targets for theft
Requires constant awareness and control of the bag

On-Body vs. Off-Body Carry

One of the biggest discussions in women’s concealed carry classes centers around whether to carry on-body or off-body.

If a firearm is on your body, it is generally:

More secure
Faster to access
Easier to defend from theft
Less likely to be forgotten or left behind

On-body carry also forces consistency. A firearm locked in a purse does little good if the purse is left in a shopping cart, hanging on a chair, or sitting in a vehicle.

That said, real life matters. Some women work in professional attire, wear dresses regularly, or have medical or physical limitations that make on-body carry difficult. In these cases, off-body carry may be the most realistic option.

If choosing off-body carry, I strongly recommend:

Using a dedicated concealed carry purse or bag
Keeping the firearm in a dedicated holster compartment
Never place loose items in the firearm compartment
Maintaining physical control of the bag at all times
Practicing drawing from the bag regularly

Concealed Carry Safety Tips for Women

Invest in a Quality Holster

A proper holster should:

Completely cover the trigger guard
Retain the firearm securely
Stay in place during movement and drawing
Allow safe reholstering

Final Thoughts: Choose a Method You Can Carry Consistently

The best firearm for self-defense is the one you actually carry. Everyday carry should balance comfort, accessibility, safety, and consistency. A smaller firearm carried daily is more useful than a larger firearm left at home.

Since most ranges will not allow holster draw, women should practice daily dryfire:

Drawing safely from concealment
Accessing the firearm while seated
Moving with their carry setup
Clearing cover garments efficiently

For concealed carry dryfire training systems, see: www.mantisx.com/ref?id=481

Here is a sample dryfire drill: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PNxxEt4nHw

How to dryfire: https://www.shootingclasses.com/blog/posts/dry-fire-training-how-to-practice-safely/

Concealed carry is only one part of personal safety. Situational awareness, avoidance, and confidence are equally important. In many situations, awareness can prevent the need ever to draw a firearm.

Ready to build confidence with concealed carry?

Explore concealed carry classes near you and continue developing safe, consistent training habits:
https://www.shootingclasses.com/concealed-carry-classes/.

Imminence in Self-Defense Law Explained

Tue, 02 Jun 2026 10:45:30 Z

In this article, I will discuss the second element of lawful self-defense: imminence. In my previous article titled The Law of Self Defense: Element 1 – Innocence I focused on the importance of not being the initial aggressor in a fight. You don’t want to be someone who starts a fight or the first to threaten to use force. You don’t want to be someone who “runs to the fight” or accepts a challenge to fight (Mutual Combatant). You also do not want to be someone who provokes a fight to “bait” the other person to use force first, so you have an excuse to use defensive force yourself and then claim self-defense (Provoker with Intent). Finally, you don’t want to be someone who attempts to “rekindle” a fight with someone who voluntarily withdraws from a confrontation or forcibly sustain a fight.

Self-defense laws vary by state, so this article is intended for general educational purposes and should not be treated as legal advice for any specific situation or jurisdiction.

All of these scenarios are ways that will cause you to lose the element of Innocence and any claim of lawful self-defense.

IMMINENCE: WHAT IS IT?

The element of Imminence refers to an attack that is already in progress or is immediately about to happen. Think of Imminence like a window. It opens and closes. When the threat (non-deadly or deadly) is in progress or is immediately about to happen, the window is open. When the threat has been neutralized or has stopped, the window has closed.

Black’s Law Dictionary has the following legal definition of Imminence:

“Immediate danger, such as must be instantly met, such as cannot be guarded against by calling for the assistance of others or the protection of the law…such an appearance of threatened and impending injury as would put a reasonable and prudent man to his instant defense.”

If you respond with force too early (before the threat begins) or too late (after the threat has stopped), you can lose the element of Imminence. Your decision to use force cannot be speculative or futuristic. For example, “For all I know, he could have had a gun” or “I thought he was going to go get a gun and come back to shoot me.” You must be able to articulate the threat in real time based on the evidence. Using defensive force too soon or too late can get you into serious legal trouble.

The AOJ Triad: Ability, Opportunity, and Jeopardy

The AOJ Triad is a great tool to help evaluate Imminence in real time and to help articulate to a judge or jury why you found it necessary to respond with the deemed appropriate level of defensive force. The AOJ Triad consists of three components:

Ability: Does my attacker have the ability to hurt me? How much harm can they cause me?
Opportunity: Does my attacker have the opportunity to bring that threat to bear? Concerning Opportunity, there are a couple of important considerations: distance and obstacles.

Distance: Someone 25 yards away from you, possessing an impact weapon, such as a knife, can harm you with that knife if they are in proximity to you and can stab you with the knife. At 25 yards away, however, they are not yet an imminent deadly force threat. If you can do so with complete safety and without increasing your jeopardy, it is always good to create distance between you and your attacker. On the other hand, someone with a projectile weapon, such as a firearm, at that same distance, however, would be a deadly force threat. When it comes to distance, projectile weapons pose a higher risk of death or serious bodily injury because of the speed (velocity) at which they can travel over shorter distances.
Obstacles: If there are no obstacles between you and an attacker, the attacker has the opportunity to bring that threat to bear. If you can do so with complete safety and without increasing your jeopardy, it is good to place obstacles between you and your attacker to reduce your risk of physical harm. The most obvious obstacles would be some type of physical barrier between you and your attacker.

Jeopardy: Someone who has the ability and opportunity to hurt you and conducts themselves in such a way to suggest they have malicious intent in harming you clearly demonstrates jeopardy. Someone who openly displays a gun on their waist in public, for example, but is not actively demonstrating any threatening behavior, is not placing you in any jeopardy at that moment. On the other hand, an active shooter walking around indiscriminately shooting people in public would be placing others in jeopardy.

Other Important Considerations When Assessing Jeopardy

Body Language and Threat Recognition: The best fight, of course, is the one that you are never in. However, when the fight comes to you, you must be ready to respond both lawfully and tactically. There are certain danger signals or signs to look for. These include, but are not limited to:
- Eye Contact: It’s often said that the “eyes are the window to the soul.” The way that an attacker looks at you, such as a hard, fixed stare, could be a pre-fight indicator.
- Hands: Police are trained to watch the hands anytime they engage with a person. That is why you hear them issue commands such as “Show me your hands,” because it will allow them to readily determine if a person has any weapon(s) in their hands that could pose a threat to the officer. Also, a person standing in front of you with their hands closed in a fist-like manner is sending a nonverbal cue that he/she is about to physically strike you.
- Personal Space: Someone who is literally “up in your face” is clearly communicating that they are not afraid of you and trying to intimidate you. Generally speaking, there is safety in distance. Distance allows you some reactionary time, which I will mention in another section below in this article. Body language plays an essential part in establishing jeopardy and helping to define imminence in self-defense. Nonverbal cues such as body language are especially important when you are attempting to assess a potential threat. A perceived attacker can say a lot without saying a word.

All three components (Ability, Opportunity, and Jeopardy) must be present for a threat to be considered as an imminent threat. When you are facing an actual or potential threat, whether it is deadly or non-deadly in nature, you will want to assess the threat level in real time using the AOJ Triad. This will allow you to respond with the proportional level of defensive force. The element of Proportionality is the third element in the Law of Self-Defense. I will discuss that more in detail in the next article of this series.

THE IMPORTANCE OF DE-ESCALATION IN SELF-DEFENSE

The Department of Homeland Security defines de-escalation as follows: “The use of communication or other techniques during an encounter to stabilize, slow, or reduce the intensity of a potentially violent situation without using physical force, or with a reduction in force.”

When attempting to resolve a conflict or intense situation, police will often use de-escalation strategies, which can help “bring the temperature down.” This reduces the risk of violence, serious injury, or death.

Not all situations can be de-escalated, especially if you are faced with an imminent deadly force threat, and you must respond immediately to avoid death or serious bodily injury to yourself.

Some key de-escalation techniques include:

VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

Active listening: Pay full attention, nod, and use verbal cues like "uh-huh" to show you're engaged.
Empathy statements: "I can see you're upset," or "It sounds like you're feeling frustrated".
Paraphrasing: Repeat back what you heard to confirm understanding.
Open-ended questions: Ask questions that encourage the person to explain their feelings and perspective.
"I" statements: Focus on how the situation is affecting you without blaming the other person.

NONVERBAL COMMUNICTION:

Calm body language: Maintain an open posture, avoid crossing your arms, and keep facial expressions neutral.
Appropriate eye contact: Maintain steady eye contact without staring.
Maintain personal space: Respect the other person's boundaries and avoid getting too close.
Voice tone: Speak in a calm and soothing voice, avoiding raised tones.

UNDERSTANDING THE REACTIONARY GAP AND THE TUELLER DRILL IN SELF-DEFENSE

The Reactionary Gap:

The Reactionary Gap refers to the distance you must maintain between yourself and a potential threat, allowing you sufficient time to react if the situation escalates. It is a foundational concept used in personal safety and law enforcement training.

The Reactionary Gap allows you to maintain a safe distance from potential threats, giving you time to assess the situation and decide on the best course of action. This could include attempting to escape from the situation, calling 911 for help, or defending yourself against an imminent threat.

The Tueller Drill A.K.A. The 21-Foot Rule:

An attacker with a contact weapon, such as a knife, can pose an imminent deadly force threat from as little as 21 feet. Think about that for a moment. That distance is just over 3 benches positioned and linked together. Someone charging at you with a knife could be upon you before you have time to realize what is going on and respond with defensive deadly force. You could be dead in an instant!

The Tueller Drill, named after Sergeant Dennis Tueller of the Salt Lake City Police Department in Utah, demonstrated that an assailant armed with a knife could begin running toward an individual armed with a handgun at 21 feet and that only those who are highly trained and proficient with a firearm could draw and engage their attacker before the knife-armed threat closed the distance and inflicted death or serious bodily injury.

The Tueller Drill, often referred to as the 21 Foot Rule, illustrated that it would take a reactionary time of approximately 1.5 seconds for a police officer to draw his firearm from its holster and fire two shots center mass on an attacker.

This is an important consideration when facing an attacker with a contact weapon and considering defensive deadly force. If you shoot too soon, you are at risk of being charged criminally and, thus, lose the element of Imminence in self-defense. If you wait too long to shoot, you risk being killed or suffering serious bodily injury.

DEFENSIVE DISPLAY / BRANDISHING

The five elements of the Law of Self Defense apply to non-deadly as well as deadly force encounters. For those of you, like myself, who carry a firearm legally in public for self-defense, I want to say a word about the defensive display of your firearm. Some jurisdictions may refer to this as “brandishing” your firearm.

What is Brandishing?

The term “brandish” means, with respect to a firearm, to display all or part of the firearm, or otherwise make the presence of the firearm known to another person, to intimidate that person, regardless of whether the firearm is directly visible to that person. You are, in essence, attempting to change the other person’s behavior by displaying the firearm.

In the absence of a deadly force threat, you could reasonably be charged with felony aggravated assault with a firearm. In many jurisdictions, that is good for 10-20 years in prison if convicted.

Assault is the state of mind of the victim. It doesn’t matter that you didn’t point your firearm directly at the other person. Merely telling someone you have a firearm could get you charged with aggravated assault with a firearm. For example, “I’ve got a gun” or “I’ve got a gun and am not afraid to use it” could place a reasonable and prudent person in fear of death or serious bodily injury.

The moment you tell someone you have a firearm with the purpose of attempting to change their behavior, you have just checked all the boxes for aggravated assault. The other person only has to have a reasonable fear of imminent deadly force or serious bodily injury. Your display of a firearm or verbally telling the other person you have a firearm could place you in serious legal jeopardy.

Your gun should only come out of its holster or be displayed when there is evidence of an imminent deadly force threat, and you are prepared to respond to that threat in a lawful manner (the use of deadly force). As previously mentioned, Imminence is defined as “in progress or immediately about to happen.” The threat cannot be speculative in nature, such as “for all I know he was going to kill me,” as the reason for drawing your firearm.

Brandishing your firearm in the absence of a deadly force threat makes you vulnerable to being criminally charged and to successful prosecution.

Owning a firearm for self-defense carries with it a tremendous amount of legal and financial responsibility. Where people get into serious legal trouble is when they are often facing a non-deadly force threat and decide to display (“brandish”) their firearm as a “show of force” to another person in an attempt to stop the threat or change their behavior. They may “brandish” the firearm out of emotion (fear).

Coming Next: Proportionality In Self-Defense

In the next article of this series, I will discuss the third element of the Law of Self-Defense: Proportionality. This element focuses on the use of force and how it applies to deadly versus non-deadly situations. The amount of force you use in self-defense cannot be greater than the threat you are defending against. I hope you will join me as we continue through each of the five elements of the Law of Self-Defense.

Source content for this article is derived largely in part from the following: Law of Self Defense Principles (Andrew F. Branca), Attorney at Law, internationally recognized self-defense, and use of force expert.

Continue building your self-defense knowledge with quality training. Find firearms, concealed carry, and personal safety classes near you through ShootingClasses.com.

Choosing the Right Ammunition for Your Firearm

Mon, 04 May 2026 14:16:14 Z

A Practical Guide for Self-Defense, Training, and Competition

When it comes to firearms, selecting the correct ammunition is just as important as choosing the firearm itself. The right ammo enhances performance, reliability, and safety—while the wrong choice can lead to poor accuracy or even malfunctions.

Whether you're training at the range, preparing for competition, carrying for self-defense, attending a firearms class, or understanding your ammunition is part of being both aware and prepared.

Start With the Basics: What Ammo Does Your Gun Take?

Before anything else, you must confirm the correct caliber for your firearm.

You can find this information in three primary places:

On the firearm itself: Most firearms have the caliber stamped on the slide or barrel (e.g., 9mm, .380 ACP, .45 ACP).
Owner’s manual: Your manual provides the most detailed and reliable information, including approved ammunition types.
Manufacturer’s website: If you don’t have the manual, a quick search using your firearm model will usually provide a digital version.

Important: Caliber Names Can Be Confusing

One of the biggest mistakes new shooters make is assuming all similarly named ammunition is interchangeable.

In reality, the same caliber can go by multiple names, and some calibers sound similar—but are not the same.

Examples:

9mm ammunition may also be labeled as:
- 9mm Luger
- 9×19
- 9mm Parabellum
.380 ACP may also be labeled as:
- 9mm Kurz
- 9mm Short
- 9mm Browning

Critical point: .380 ACP is NOT the same as 9mm (9×19).

Even though the names are similar, they are different cartridges and are not interchangeable. Using the wrong one can be dangerous and cause serious firearm malfunctions.

Always match the exact caliber listed on your firearm!

Understanding Ammunition Purpose

Not all ammunition is created equal. Different types are designed for specific uses.

1. Target Shooting (Range Ammo)

For training and practice, most shooters use:

Full Metal Jacket (FMJ) rounds
Typically more affordable
Designed for consistent feeding and minimal barrel fouling

These are ideal for building skills without unnecessary expense.

2. Self-Defense Ammunition

For personal protection, ammunition should be selected with performance and reliability in mind.

Hollow Point (HP) or Jacketed Hollow Point (JHP)
Designed to expand on impact
Helps reduce over-penetration
Transfers energy more effectively to the target

Your self-defense ammo should always be tested in your firearm before relying on it.

3. Competition Ammunition

Competitive shooters often choose ammo based on:

Recoil control
Power factor requirements
Accuracy consistency

This may include lighter or specially tuned loads to allow for faster follow-up shots.

What About +P and +P+ Ammunition?

You may have seen ammunition labeled:

+P (higher pressure)
+P+ (even higher pressure)

These rounds are loaded to generate more velocity and energy.

However:

Not all firearms are rated to handle +P or +P+ ammo
Using them in an incompatible firearm can cause excessive wear—or damage

Always check:

Your owner’s manual
The manufacturer’s recommendations

If your firearm is not explicitly rated for +P, do not use it.

What Does "Grain Weight" Mean?

Grain weight refers to the weight of the bullet itself, not the entire cartridge.

Measured in grains (gr)
Common examples: 115gr, 124gr, 147gr (for 9mm)

Why It Matters:

Lighter bullets (lower grain)
- Travel faster
- Produce less recoil
- May feel "snappier."
Heavier bullets (higher grain)
- Travel slower
- Often produces more consistent recoil
- Can feel smoother in some firearms

Can the Wrong Grain Weight Cause Malfunctions?

Yes—it can.

Firearms are designed to operate within a certain range of pressures and recoil impulses.

If you go too light in grain weight:

The slide may not cycle fully
You may experience:
- Failure to eject
- Failure to feed
- Stove-pipe malfunctions

This is especially important in:

Compact or subcompact firearms
Firearms with heavier recoil springs

The key is to test different grain weights and find what your firearm runs reliably.

Final Thoughts: Train With Purpose

Choosing the right ammunition isn’t just about performance—it’s about confidence.

Train with ammo that mimics your self-defense load when possible
Test your carry ammunition regularly
Pay attention to how your firearm cycles and feels

The more familiar you are with your equipment, the more prepared you’ll be if you ever need to rely on it.

Ready to build confidence through training? Explore classes with Lorraine Crescimanno or find one near you.

Why Firearm Instructors Should Consider Background Checks for Concealed Carry Students

Mon, 04 May 2026 11:46:30 Z

In most states, a concealed carry license signals that someone has already passed a background check and met legal requirements to carry a firearm. Because of that, many instructors assume the license itself is sufficient vetting for training classes.

But from a risk management perspective, relying solely on a permit may leave gaps. Conducting a basic background check or verification process is an important step in lessening instructor liability, protecting students, shielding a business, and preserving the reputation of the firearms training community.

Firearm Mentor has trained over 11,500 people. During its nearly 20 year (and counting) run, there have been a handful of students who did not receive their concealed carry license following the certification class. While some students were “justice involved individuals,” their involvement in the criminal justice system was minor and not violence related.

However, one student called six months after class explaining that after four DUIs (Driving Under the Influence), the student was convicted of a felony, and therefore disqualifying legal firearm ownership. Another couldn’t understand why their license was not approved after “accidentally” stabbing their spouse, twice. Yet a third had to go through an appeal process because during an argument, the student struck their spouse and was arrested for domestic violence.

While these students represent a statistically insignificant number (less than one percent), they never should have been allowed to participate in firearm training. Instructors bear the liability and moral responsibility of training a person who has a felony (or psychological issue) in their background.

Even a simple question during registration, asking the student to disclose if they have ever been arrested is a step in the right direction. In fact, Firearm Mentor often will get a yes to that answer for something that happened in an individual’s youth. For example, upon enrollment, a 65-year-old student disclosed that they had been arrested nearly 35 years prior. As a new immigrant from Mexico, he spoke very little English and was stopped by the Chicago Police Department on Lake Shore Drive. Not understanding where to pay his speeding ticket, he attempted to pay the ticket to the police officer, as was his perception. The officer then arrested the student for attempted bribery.

Of course, this was a misunderstanding and the student happily received his concealed carry license. This type of incident is grossly different than an intentional act of violence or crime of passion.

Another student misread the Illinois Firearm Owner Identification application, which asked, “Have you been hospitalized in the past five years…” The next line on the application stated, “for an inpatient psychiatric diagnosis.” This particular student had a kidney transplant, but did not read the second line and checked yes. He was denied his permit. Upon review, the appeal process was initiated and he ultimately received his license.

Licenses Reflect a Moment in Time

A concealed carry license confirms that the holder passed the background check at the time the permit was issued or last renewed. Depending on the state, that could have been several years ago. Prior to 2022, in Illinois, the Illinois State Police did not have the funding to knock on the door of gun owners involved in a disqualifying activity, barring firearm ownership.

During that time, circumstances may have changed. A person could have become legally prohibited from possessing firearms in situations including, but not limited to

Charged with or convicted of a disqualifying offense
Had a protective order (justified or unjustified) issued against them
Experienced mental health adjudications or inpatient hospitalizations affecting eligibility

While many states require permit holders to report disqualifying events, not all do, and compliance varies. Illinois requires gun owners to have a “Firearm Owners Identification Card,” or FOID, which identifies them as firearm owners. Card holders are background checked 360 days a year (a few holidays are exempt) against the state criminal database and the mental health reporting database, which requires reporting if a person is hospitalized as an inpatient for a psychiatric reason, or is deemed by a mental health or law enforcement professional as a danger to themselves or others.

For instructors responsible for putting firearms in students’ hands during training, it is worth verifying that eligibility still exists.

Firearm Mentor also works within the mental health and aging community, teaching de-escalation skills. Over the years, several students have reached out regarding family members who were involved in such a disqualifying event.

For example, one student had a family member, who was a gun owner, and was hospitalized for suicidal tendencies. The hospitalized person was completely responsible, and told the student that they owned a firearm, where it was, and the combination of the safe, so the student could remove the firearm and conduct a legal transfer.

48 hours after the patient was discharged, the Illinois State Police knocked on their door, demanding the firearm be turned in. A call was placed to the student who had all of the appropriate paperwork and was in possession of the firearm. After a brief phone conversation and production of lawful transfer receipts, law enforcement left the premises within 15 minutes. The hospitalized individual did the right thing and followed the law.

Instructors Carry Liability and Safety Responsibilities

Firearms training environments require a high level of trust. Students are often working in close proximity, sometimes drawing from holsters, moving, or engaging in stress-based exercises.

If a student later turns out to be legally prohibited from possessing firearms—or worse, demonstrates violent or unstable behavior—the instructor and training organization may face significant legal questions in civil proceedings:

Was reasonable due diligence performed?
Were warning signs overlooked?
Were safety protocols adequate?

While background checks cannot prevent every problem, they demonstrate a good-faith effort to maintain a responsible training environment.

Protecting Other Students

Students attending concealed carry courses often come from diverse backgrounds. Many are brand-new gun owners seeking confidence and safety training.

These students expect the environment to be:

Safe
Professional
Responsible

Knowing that an instructor takes steps to vet participants increases trust and professionalism in the classroom. Vetting participants does not stop at a background check. Assessing their understanding of basic firearms rules is also paramount. Firearm Mentor had a student where while in the range with bullet resistant glass in between the lanes, could not comprehend to keep their finger off the trigger, and continually looked at the handgun sideways, pointing it at the range owner in the next lane.

After several reminders and redirections, the lesson was politely ended. Family members were contacted and informed that this student should never be near a firearm, to which the family agreed. It was a difficult, but necessary conversation.

This becomes particularly important in advanced or defensive training where students may practice dynamic drills, close-quarters scenarios, or decision-making under stress. In summary, professional instructors should value safety above income. Saving lives is not a cash grab.

Maintaining the Reputation of the Training Community

The firearms training industry depends heavily on public trust. One highly publicized incident involving a poorly vetted student can damage not only an individual instructor’s reputation but also the credibility of responsible training nationwide.

Demonstrating strong safety practices—including reasonable student vetting—helps reinforce the message that firearms education prioritizes responsibility above all else.

This is especially important in states where firearm ownership and training are closely scrutinized.

What “Background Checks” Can Look Like for Instructors

Not every instructor will conduct formal background checks, and laws and privacy considerations vary by state. However, instructors may consider reasonable screening practices such as:

Verifying a valid concealed carry license or FOID card where applicable
A google search of the student’s name and social media lookup
Partnering with a background search company, which may incur a cost. A few dollars of prevention are well worth several hundred thousand dollars of liability.
Requiring students to attest that they are legally eligible to possess firearms and will use them safety, while assuming liability for misuse, whether intentional or unintentional
Including conduct and safety policies in registration agreements
Reserving the right to refuse service if safety concerns arise
Conducting additional vetting for advanced defensive or instructor-level courses

These steps can create a clearer standard of accountability while respecting privacy and legal boundaries.

A Culture of Responsibility

Responsible firearms ownership has always emphasized safety, accountability, and good judgment. Firearms instructors are uniquely positioned to model those values.

Implementing reasonable vetting measures—whether through background checks, documentation verification, or clear safety policies—signals to students and the broader community that training organizations take their responsibilities seriously.

Ultimately, the goal is simple: ensure that every training environment reflects the highest standards of safety and professionalism.

For instructors, that commitment begins long before the first round is fired.

In conclusion, Firearm Mentor’s motto, Remain Safe. Stay Sharp. Train for the Moment that Matters, doesn’t only apply to teaching physical safety. It is meant to be an all risk inclusive mantra.

About Marcus Melnick and Firearm Mentor:

Marcus Melnick is the founder of Firearm Mentor, a personal safety and firearm training program based in Illinois. He teaches responsible firearm ownership, concealed carry, and real-world decision-making for veterans, law enforcement, and everyday people who want to protect themselves and others.

More than 11,500 people have taken Firearm Mentor training and have stepped in during real emergencies, including helping prevent a mass shooting, stopping a sexual assault in progress, interrupting multiple armed robberies, and preventing a school arson attempt. These incidents reinforce his belief that preparation and responsible training can make an immediate difference when seconds matter.

Marcus focuses on practical instruction that blends safety, legal awareness, and situational judgment so students leave not just qualified, but confident in their ability to respond responsibly. His work centers on preparing everyday people to recognize danger early, make sound decisions under pressure, and act when it matters most.

Learn more about his training programs at FirearmMentor.com.

Confidence Before Competence: Training Women for Real-World Self-Defense

Thu, 02 Apr 2026 16:12:22 Z

In my experience as a firearms instructor, one thing is clear: women don’t need more information first; they need confidence with firearms.

If a woman is afraid of the firearm in her hands, she’s not going to be able to learn how to use it effectively. That fear creates hesitation, and hesitation in a defensive situation is something we can’t afford.

Most women who come to train aren’t there for recreation. They’re there because they feel a responsibility—to protect themselves, and often, their children. That mindset is very different from what we typically see with male students, who are more likely to have been introduced to firearms through sport or a hobby.

That difference matters. And as instructors, we need to teach accordingly.

What Is the Best Way to Train Women in Firearms?

The most effective way to train women in firearms is to build confidence before focusing on performance. Starting with low-pressure, hands-on learning helps reduce fear, improve retention, and create a strong foundation for skill development.

How to Train Women in Firearms Effectively

If you want to reach more female students, you have to understand what’s bringing them in the door.

Women are often walking into class with:

Fear of the unknown
Fear of doing something wrong
Fear of the firearm itself

They’re not just learning a skill—they’re stepping into something completely unfamiliar, and often uncomfortable.

As instructors, our job is to meet them there—not push past it.

Why Confidence Comes Before Competence in Firearms Training

Before we focus on speed, accuracy, or performance, we have to build a foundation of confidence. This approach is especially important in beginner firearms training, where early experiences shape long-term confidence.

One of the most effective ways I do this is by removing the immediate pressure of live fire. I start students by learning to manipulate the firearm using snap caps. This allows them to:

Get comfortable handling the firearm
Learn basic mechanics without fear
Build familiarity in a low-stress environment

Once that fear starts to fade, their ability to actually learn increases dramatically.

Confidence opens the door to competence.

You can search for basic pistol shooting classes or private lessons at ShootingClasses.com/TheGirlBehindTheGun/

What Many Instructors Get Wrong

A common mistake instructors make is jumping too quickly into live fire or assuming that all students start from the same baseline.

What works for someone already comfortable around firearms does not work for someone who is not.

If a student is overwhelmed or intimidated early on, you risk shutting them down completely. And when that happens, they’re far less likely to return for future training.

Training Beyond the Firearm

Another critical piece that often gets overlooked is this:

A firearm is not the only tool for self-defense.

In my training, I emphasize situational awareness just as much as firearm handling. When women learn how to:

Recognize potential threats early
Stay aware of their surroundings
Make proactive decisions

They significantly reduce the likelihood that they’ll ever need to draw a firearm in the first place.

That’s real-world preparedness.

Look for situational awareness seminars at ShootingClasses.com/TheGirlBehindTheGun/

How Women Can Choose the Right Firearms Instructor

If you’re teaching women, remember this:

Slow down more than you think you need to
Focus on comfort before performance
Create an environment where questions are welcomed, not judged
Understand that confidence is the foundation of everything else

You’re not just teaching mechanics—you’re shaping how someone feels about their ability to protect themselves.

Advice for Women Looking for Training

If you’re a woman looking for a firearms class, pay attention to how an instructor approaches beginners.

Look for someone who:

Takes time to build your confidence
Explains the “why,” not just the “how”
Doesn’t rush you into live fire before you’re ready
Incorporates real-world awareness, not just range skills

Find firearms training designed for your comfort level and goals at ShootingClasses.com/TheGirlBehindTheGun will make you feel capable—not intimidated.

Why This Matters

When women are trained in a way that builds confidence first, everything changes.

They become more engaged.
They retain more information.
They’re more likely to continue training.

And most importantly, they become more prepared.

Every woman deserves to feel confident, capable, and in control when she trains.

This is the foundation of training with The Girl Behind The Gun; we offer one-on-one firearms training at the student’s pace, group classes, and hold seminars showing students they can protect themselves confidently.

https://thegirlbehindthegun.com/contact-us/

Dry Fire Training: How to Practice Safely & Improve

Tue, 31 Mar 2026 12:55:26 Z

Mastering the Fundamentals: How to Dry Fire, Why It Matters, and the Tools That Elevate Your Training

In the world of firearms training, few techniques are as powerful—and as underutilized—as dry firing. Whether you’re a brand-new shooter building confidence or an experienced one refining performance, dry fire training offers a safe, cost-effective, and highly efficient way to improve your skills.

At its core, dry firing is the practice of operating your firearm without live ammunition to improve shooting skills. But when done correctly and consistently, it becomes one of the most valuable tools in your training routine.

What Is Dry Fire Training?

Dry firing simply means practicing shooting mechanics without ammunition. This includes working on:

Trigger press
Sight alignment and sight picture
Grip and stance
Draw and presentation
Reloads and malfunction clearing

Because there’s no recoil or report, dry fire training allows you to isolate and refine each movement without distraction.

How to Dry Fire Safely and Effectively

Safety always comes first. Do not ignore the firearm safety rules! Every dry fire session should begin with a deliberate and consistent safety process:

1. Clear Your Firearm

Remove all ammunition from the room.
Lock the slide or open the action.
Visually and physically inspect the chamber, magazine well, and breech face.

2. Choose a Safe Direction

Always point the firearm in a safe direction, even during dry fire.
Use a designated “dry fire wall” if possible.

3. Set a Training Goal

Don’t just go through the motions. Focus on a specific skill, such as trigger control or draw stroke.
Use your cellphone to video yourself working on a drill and really study the playback, looking for improvements you can make.

4. Start Slow

Precision matters more than speed in dry fire.
Build correct habits first—speed will come later.

5. Use a Target

A small aiming point on the wall helps develop focus and consistency.

6. Follow Through

After the trigger press, hold your sights on target.
This reinforces proper trigger control and reduces anticipation.

How Often Should You Practice Dry Fire Training?

Even 5–10 minutes of consistent dry fire practice daily can significantly improve accuracy, confidence, and firearm handling skills over time.

The Benefits of Dry Fire Training

Dry fire is one of the most efficient ways to build skill. Here’s why:

1. Builds Confidence

Especially for newer shooters, removing the noise and recoil helps reduce fear and hesitation. Confidence grows quickly when the environment feels controlled.

2. Improves Trigger Control

Most shooting errors stem from poor trigger manipulation. Dry fire allows you to perfect a smooth, consistent press without disruption.

3. Reinforces Muscle Memory

Repetition creates automaticity. The more you practice correct movements, the more natural they become under stress.

4. Saves Time and Money

No range fees. No ammunition costs. You can train daily in just a few minutes.

5. Enhances Situational Awareness Training

Dry fire can be paired with movement, decision-making, and environmental awareness—skills that are just as critical as marksmanship.

Advantages of Using Dry Fire Training Tools

While dry fire can be done with just your firearm, modern tools can accelerate your progress and provide valuable feedback. Here are some examples: www.mantisx.com/ref?id=481

Laser Training Devices

These are inserted into your firearm and emit a laser when the trigger is pressed.

Immediate visual feedback on where your shot would have landed
Great for tracking consistency and accuracy

Snap Caps / Dummy Rounds

Used to safely cycle the firearm and practice reloads or malfunction drills.

Protects the firing pin in some firearms
Allows realistic manipulation training

Dry Fire Training Systems & Apps

Some systems pair laser devices with smartphone apps or targets. See the tools in action here: www.mantisx.com/ref?id=481

Track shot placement and timing
Provide structured drills and progress tracking

Shot Timers

Even without live fire, timers can add performance pressure.

Helps build efficiency in draw and reload drills
Introduces accountability and measurable improvement

Why Dry Fire Should Be Part of Your Routine

If your goal is to become more confident, capable, and prepared, dry fire training is not optional—it’s essential between range sessions. It allows you to train intentionally, correct mistakes early, and build a solid foundation without the stress of live fire.

For many shooters—especially those focused on personal defense—dry fire is where confidence is built. When you trust your ability to safely and effectively handle your firearm, everything else improves.

Final Thoughts

Dry fire training bridges the gap between knowledge and performance. It allows you to slow down, focus, and truly understand your mechanics.

Whether you’re training for personal protection, competition, or skill development, incorporating dry fire into your routine will make you more efficient, more confident, and ultimately more prepared.

Consistent, intentional practice (in as little as 10 minutes a day) is what separates average from exceptional—and dry fire is where that journey begins.

Innocence in Self-Defense Law Explained

Wed, 18 Mar 2026 11:04:53 Z

the law of self-defense: element 1 - innocence

In my previous article titled What's Your Self-Defense IQ? I mentioned that five elements compose a lawful self-defense claim. These are as follows:

Innocence
Imminence
Proportionality
Avoidance
Reasonableness

These elements are cumulative, meaning that you must have all five elements in your favor (unless one or more of them are legally waived) to achieve a lawful self-defense claim. A defendant does not have to prove self-defense. A prosecutor must disprove self-defense. If a prosecutor can successfully attack and disprove any one of these five elements, then your self-defense claim is defeated in its entirety.

Self-defense is inherently an act of confession and avoidance. You are confessing to the underlying conduct (ie, “I shot him,” “I stabbed him,” or “I punched him,” etc.). You are admitting “I did it” but offering a legal justification (self-defense) for your actions to avoid any legal consequences, such as criminal charges and prosecution. If you lose your claim of self-defense, then all that is left is a confession. This is a walk-away conviction for the prosecution. Depending upon the criminal charge(s), you could face decades or life imprisonment if convicted.

Whether you own/carry a firearm or some other type of less-lethal weapon, I cannot stress enough how important it is to know and understand each of these five elements of the Law of Self Defense. As Attorney Andrew Branca from the Law of Self Defense, who is also an internationally recognized use of force and self-defense expert, states, you want to make yourself “hard to convict.”

How do you make yourself “hard to convict?”

It starts with personal commitment. You must take personal responsibility for the safety of yourself and your family. You must make a conscious decision that you are going to make a personal commitment to educate yourself on the five elements of the Law of Self Defense and become well-informed. You must adjust your mindset to refusing to become a “victim.”

You don’t have to be an attorney to understand general self-defense law – just a strong desire to know the legal boundaries so that if you are ever compelled to use defensive force in self-defense, you don’t find yourself being criminally charged by a prosecutor and facing the possibility of decades or perhaps life imprisonment if convicted by a jury in a criminal trial.

Those who are well-informed and educated on knowing the legal boundaries of self-defense respond lawfully, confidently, and decisively in the “moment of crisis.” Those who are not well-informed and educated on knowing the legal boundaries respond out of emotion (fear) and make poor choices in the “moment of crisis.” Therefore, they find themselves facing serious legal consequences.

How well do you think you would respond in the moment of crisis under stress? Will your decisions be based upon your education and training in self-defense, or will your decisions be based on fear and emotion?

Innocence – What is it?

Innocence, with respect to self-defense, should not be confused with innocent until proven guilty, as in a criminal trial. Nor should it be confused with being found “not guilty” in a criminal trial. If you are charged with a criminal offense, the law states that you are presumed innocent until found guilty “beyond a reasonable doubt” by a judge or jury in a criminal trial.

The element of Innocence, as it relates to self-defense, states that you must not be the initial aggressor in a conflict. Generally speaking, you must not be the first person to use force or threaten to use force. You must not forcibly sustain or escalate an altercation. In most states, mere words alone are not enough to make someone the initial aggressor; however, when coupled with an overt act, such as a weapon in hand together with threatening language, they can make you look like the initial aggressor.

If you are found to be the initial aggressor, you lose the element of Innocence in self-defense. Thus, you lose your self-defense claim in its entirety.

REMEMBER: As I previously mentioned, the five elements of the Law of Self Defense are cumulative. You must have all five elements in your favor (unless one or more of these are legally waived) to achieve a claim of lawful self-defense. Even if you have the remaining four elements all in your favor, if you lose the element of Innocence, you lose self-defense in its entirety. A prosecutor only has to disprove any one of these elements.

If you are charged criminally in a use-of-force event and claiming self-defense, you can be sure that a prosecutor is going to review the police investigative report, witness statements, and all other evidence to find the “weak spot” in your self-defense claim and attack it. A prosecutor is going to find where you are most vulnerable and will aggressively pursue a conviction on the criminal charge(s) against you.

In addition to being an “Initial aggressor,” there are several other ways in which you can lose the element of Innocence in self-defense. Let’s look at each of these individually:

Mutual Combatant:

You do not want to be someone who “runs to the fight.” Agreeing to accept an invitation to fight from another person will lose both of you the element of innocence, and neither person will be permitted to claim self-defense. As human beings, especially men, we don’t want to appear weak. We want to appear “macho” and maintain our sense of pride and dignity. If challenged to a fight, we let our emotions take over in the heat of the moment and willingly accept an invitation to fight another person, or we challenge the other person to a fight (“let’s take this outside and settle this like men”). In either scenario, this is considered a mutual combatant, and both individuals lose the element of Innocence and any lawful claim of self-defense.

Provoker with Intent:

Some states distinguish between an initial aggressor and a Provoker with Intent. A Provoker with Intent is someone who “baits” another person into throwing the first punch or using some other type of force so they will have an excuse to respond and claim they acted in self-defense (ie: ‘’Throw the first punch, I dare you!”). If you are found to be a Provoker with Intent you own that fight. You lose the element of Innocence and cannot claim lawful self-defense. There’s no coming back. You’ve crossed the “point of no return.”

I am reminded of a high-profile self-defense incident that originated in Frisco, Texas (April 2, 2025) and involved the fatal stabbing of 17-year-old Austin Metcalf by another 17-year-old identified as Karmelo Anthony. Karmelo Anthony was charged with first-degree murder and is claiming self-defense. The incident occurred at a high school track meet after a verbal confrontation between Metcalf and Anthony. He is currently awaiting trial.

Witnesses told police that Anthony was sitting under the opposing high school’s tent and was told to leave. Anthony allegedly told Metcalf, "touch me and see what happens," according to an arrest warrant affidavit. One witness told police that Metcalf then pushed Anthony to get him out of the tent. Anthony then reached into a bag, pulled out a knife, and stabbed Metcalf.

While it appears from the witness statements that Metcalf was the first person to use physical force by pushing Anthony, Anthony’s statement of “touch me and see what happens” could be reasonably construed as “baiting” Metcalf into a confrontation, thereby giving Anthony an excuse to use force in self-defense. In such a case, although Anthony appears not to be the initial aggressor in the confrontation, he would lose the element of Innocence if the State of Texas's self-defense laws distinguish between an initial aggressor and a Provoker with Intent.

Pursuit/Sustaining a Fight:

If another person is the initial aggressor and then voluntarily leaves the confrontation, it is important not to “rekindle” that fight. If you pursue the other person in an attempt to “rekindle” the fight, you will then be responsible for starting a second fight and will be considered the initial aggressor in the second fight. You lose the element of Innocence in the second fight and thus self-defense.

Can you regain the element of Innocence once you have lost it?

There are a couple of exceptions where you can regain Innocence even if you were the initial aggressor in a non-deadly force confrontation:

Withdrawal and Communication:

You must genuinely withdraw from the fight and must not re-engage. You must abandon the fight altogether – not retreat temporarily for a tactical advantage – and then decide to re-engage. You must effectively communicate your intention to withdraw from the fight. You can do this by your actions in running or walking away from the confrontation. The best way to communicate your withdrawal from a fight is verbally and do so loudly so that nearby witnesses hear your communication. Doing so verbally, while also attempting to walk or run away at the same time, is clear evidence to others of your intentions to withdraw from the fight.

Escalation of Force:

If you start a non-deadly force fight and the other person responds with the same amount of force, then your use of force is considered lawful. On the other hand, if you use non-deadly force upon the other person and that person responds with deadly force, then they are the aggressor in the second fight. Their use of force is considered disproportionate, and you would be privileged to respond with your own use of deadly force.

EXAMPLE: Jim punches Joe with his fist (non-deadly force). Joe becomes upset and displays a knife, threatening to kill Jim (deadly force). Jim, in response to Joe’s deadly force threat, shoots Joe. Jim was the initial aggressor in the first fight (fist punch); however, when Joe responded with deadly force instead of non-deadly force in response to Jim’s punch, that made Joe the initial aggressor in the second fight. Jim has regained the element of Innocence in self-defense under the law.

Key Takeaways on Innocence in Self-Defense

Generally speaking, you are allowed to use deadly force in response to a deadly force threat and non-deadly force in response to a non-deadly force threat. I will cover more on the use of force in self-defense under the element of Proportionality in a future article.

The element of Innocence is one of the building blocks of your self-defense claim. You want to appear as the “good guy” in any use-of-force event.

In summary, here are some takeaways to remember:

Don’t be the initial aggressor in a conflict.
Don’t be the first person to use or threaten force.
Don’t forcibly sustain or escalate an altercation.
Don’t “run to the fight” or accept a challenge to fight (Mutual Combatant),
Don’t provoke a fight as an excuse to use force against someone in self-defense (Provoker with Intent).
Don’t pursue an attacker who leaves a fight or attempt to “rekindle” a fight once it has stopped (Pursuit/Sustaining a Fight).

Source content for this article is derived largely in part from the following: Law of Self Defense Principles (Andrew F. Branca) Attorney at Law, internationally recognized self-defense, and use of force expert.

In the next article of this series, I will discuss the second element of the Law of Self Defense - Imminence. In this element, I will discuss when you can legally use defensive force in self-defense. I hope you will join me as we continue through each of the five elements of the Law of Self Defense!

What’s Your Self-Defense IQ?

Tue, 03 Feb 2026 10:50:03 Z

What you think you know about self-defense and what the law actually allows can be two very different things. If you carry a firearm, keep a defensive tool on you, or simply want to protect your family, you need to understand the legal boundaries of self-defense.

Self-Defense Is Your Right and Responsibility

Former United States President Ronald Reagan once said, “Self-defense is not only our right; it is our duty.”

People today are more concerned than ever about personal safety. Violent crime remains a serious concern in cities and local communities alike. Political and racial tensions continue to rise. Emotions run high, and it does not take much to trigger someone. Just listen to the daily news and you will quickly see the world can be dangerous. This is not Mayberry. Sheriff Taylor needs to wear a gun, and Deputy Barney Fife needs to keep his revolver fully loaded.

If you are suddenly facing an imminent threat or attack, you do not get to set the date or time. Your attacker does. Will you be ready if, and when, that happens? Taking responsibility for your personal safety includes knowing the legal boundaries of self-defense so you can respond lawfully and decisively in a moment of crisis.

Self-Defense Is a Lifestyle

As a civilian with former law enforcement experience, I am passionate about the study of lawful self-defense and I strongly support the Second Amendment. I dedicated my Facebook page to lawful self-defense and related topics because I want to help others become better educated and better prepared.

For me, self-defense is a lifestyle. I live it and practice it daily. You must be prepared for the physical battle as well as the legal battle that may follow. Your first priority is to survive the physical fight. If you lose the physical fight, everything else becomes insignificant.

A Diversified Self-Defense Toolbox Is Essential

As someone who lawfully carries a concealed firearm every day in my home state of North Carolina, I recognize the importance of also having less-lethal resources available for self-defense. When I carry my concealed firearm, I also carry less-lethal tools. This allows me to be prepared for a range of threats, whether deadly or non-deadly, and respond appropriately. A firearm is not a universal response for every self-defense encounter.

Relevant Training Is Necessary

Once you have a plan and know what self-defense tools you will carry, you must train in their use. You must build proficiency so you can respond decisively in a moment of crisis. What good is a firearm if you carry it but never go to the range to practice? What good are less-lethal resources such as pepper spray, pepper gel, or tasers if you do not practice and learn how to use them effectively? Threats happen suddenly. If you are attacked, you will not have time to think through every detail. You must be ready to act immediately. Once you prepare for the physical fight, you must prepare for the legal fight as well. Unfortunately, the legal fight is where many people fail to plan.

Benjamin Franklin said it best: “If you fail to plan, you are planning to fail.” If you are ever compelled to defend yourself from an imminent threat or attack, you will likely invoke self-defense as legal justification for your use of force. Whether your use of force was legally justified will be determined by the results of a police investigation, reviewed by a prosecutor, and ultimately decided by a judge or jury if criminal charges are filed.

If you used deadly force, you could potentially face charges such as murder, manslaughter, or aggravated assault, depending on the facts of the case. These are serious charges that can result in decades in prison, or even life imprisonment, if convicted.

Burden of Production

Regardless of the type of threat, you do not automatically have the right to argue self-defense in court. You must meet what is known as the Burden of Production. You are not required to produce a large amount of evidence, but you must provide enough evidence to support your self-defense claim. The judge or jury will then hear and weigh the evidence and render a verdict.

The 5 Elements of the Law of Self-Defense

You may believe you did everything right. You were the victim of an unprovoked attack. You did not do anything wrong. So how is it possible you could still be charged for defending yourself?

Because what you think you know about self-defense and what the law actually requires can be two entirely different things.

The legal doctrine of self-defense is not simple. For a self-defense claim to be deemed lawful, there are five elements that will be evaluated by a prosecutor. These five elements are cumulative, meaning all five must be in your favor (unless one or more are legally waived). For example, Avoidance may be waived in a Stand Your Ground state. These five elements are the foundation of a lawful self-defense claim. If a prosecutor can disprove even one of them, your self-defense claim collapses.

So what are the five elements of the Law of Self-Defense?

Innocence: You must not be the initial aggressor in a confrontation.
Imminence: The threat must be happening now or immediately about to happen.
Proportionality: The force you use must not be greater than the force you are defending against.
Avoidance: Do you live in a Stand Your Ground state or a Duty to Retreat state?
Reasonableness: Your actions and decisions must be both subjectively and objectively reasonable.

Make Yourself Hard to Convict

There is a fine line between the lawful use of force and a jail cell. Make sure you know the legal boundaries of self-defense so you do not risk spending decades in prison, or even life imprisonment. Self-defense laws vary from state to state. Always check the laws in your state so you understand the legal boundaries in your jurisdiction.

Source content for this article is derived largely from the book Law of Self Defense Principles by Andrew F. Branca, Attorney at Law, an internationally recognized self-defense and use-of-force expert.

In the next article, I will explore the first element, Innocence, and discuss what factors can negatively impact your self-defense claim. I hope you will join me as we continue through each of the five elements of the Law of Self-Defense!

The Gun Community Is Failing New Shooters — And We Are The Reason

Wed, 14 Jan 2026 17:33:01 Z

The firearms community likes to see itself as welcoming, responsible, and built on shared values. We talk often about protecting the Second Amendment, growing the shooting sports, and educating the next generation.

But there is an uncomfortable truth we rarely confront:

The gun community is actively driving new shooters away—and we are doing it to ourselves.

Not through legislation.
Not through media bias.
Not through politics.

Through ego, gatekeeping, intimidation, and a culture that rewards being “right” more than being helpful.

The First Range Experience Matters More Than We Admit

For most new shooters, the first trip to a gun range is intimidating enough.

Loud noise
Unfamiliar equipment
Complex safety rules
Fear of making a mistake

Now imagine adding:

Eye rolls from experienced shooters
Public corrections shouted across lanes
Condescending comments like “You should already know this.”

That first experience often determines whether someone continues or walks away permanently.

And when they walk away, we do not just lose a potential enthusiast. We lose a future advocate for responsible gun ownership.

Mocking Beginners Is Cultural Poison

One of the fastest ways to kill interest is ridicule.

New shooters are mocked for:

Grip
Stance
Equipment choices
Caliber selection
Lack of terminology

Online forums and social media amplify this behavior. Instead of education, beginners are met with sarcasm, memes, and humiliation. The message is clear: If you don’t already belong here, you’re not welcome.

That attitude does not build competence.
It builds silence—and resentment.

Jargon Does not Equal Expertise

Every discipline has its language. Firearms are no different. But somewhere along the way, terminology became a weapon instead of a tool.

New shooters are overwhelmed with:

Acronyms
Brands
Obscure technical language
Unexplained “common knowledge.”

Instead of translating concepts, many experienced shooters use jargon to establish dominance.

Real instructors simplify.
Ego hides behind complexity.

If someone asks a basic question and is made to feel stupid for asking it, they will not ask again. And unasked questions lead to unsafe assumptions.

The “Know-It-All” Instructor Problem

Not every person who teaches should be teaching.

The firearms world has a serious issue with:

Instructors who stopped learning years ago
Instructors who just started learning a year ago
Teaching outdated doctrine
Teaching by reading PowerPoint slides
Confusing volume with authority
Prioritizing ego over student safety

New shooters cannot tell the difference yet. They assume confidence equals competence.

Bad instruction does not just create poor shooters, it creates unsafe ones. And those shooters carry those habits into public ranges, homes, and communities.

Intimidation Disguised as Tradition

There is a persistent belief that firearms training should be intimidating. That pressure builds toughness. That fear creates respect.

It does not.

It creates:

Anxiety
Hesitation
Poor retention
Unsafe handling

Professional instruction builds confidence through clarity, repetition, and encouragement. Military and law enforcement training has evolved for this reason. Civilian instruction should too.

Fear-based teaching drives people away, or worse, convinces them they’re competent when they’re not.

How This Hurts the Second Amendment Long-Term

Every new shooter who quits because of a toxic experience is one less voice defending responsible gun ownership.

That matters.

Public opinion is not shaped by experts; it’s shaped by average citizens and their experiences. When those experiences are negative, dismissive, or hostile, neutrality turns into opposition.

A shrinking, insular gun culture is easier to marginalize, regulate, and restrict.

If we want to protect the Second Amendment, we must protect the people entering it.

Welcoming New Shooters Does NOT Mean Lowering Standards

This is where many people push back.

Being welcoming does not mean:

Ignoring safety
Lowering expectations
Excusing negligence

It means:

Teaching before correcting
Explaining before criticizing
Guiding before judging

High standards and respect are not opposites. The best training environments maintain strict safety while fostering growth.

The Community We Should Be Building

A strong firearms community:

Encourages questions
Corrects privately when possible
Explains the “why,” not just the “what”
Values progress over perfection
Holds instructors accountable

This is not about being soft.
It is about being effective.

The Responsibility Is Ours

We can blame politics.
We can blame media.
We can blame ignorance.

Or we can look inward.

If we want new shooters to become safe, competent, confident gun owners, we must meet them where they are, not where we think they should already be.

Because the future of gun ownership does not depend on who yells the loudest online.

It depends on who teaches the best.

Final Thought

This is not meant to be an attack on gun owners.
It is a challenge to the culture.

If we care about safety, freedom, and the Second Amendment, we must stop pushing new shooters out—and start pulling them in.

The gun community is not failing because of outsiders.
It is failing when we forget who we were at the beginning.

Find instructors and courses that meet your firearms training needs. No matter if you are a beginner or advanced student, ShootingClasses.com has certified instructors who are ready to help you.

At Michigan Pistol Academy, we teach the skills that matter most in a real defensive encounter. If you are ready to bring your training into the modern era, our classes can help you get there.

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The Michigan Pistol Academy is in Rochester Hills and Royal Oak, Michigan and provides comprehensive firearm training and education in the state of Michigan. If you discharge your weapon in self-defense, you could face hundreds of thousands of dollars in legal cost - CCW Safe offers memberships to protect you. Check them out!

Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes and is not a substitute for legal advice. Laws regarding self-defense vary significantly by jurisdiction and are subject to change.

Look for Disconfirming Evidence: How to Measure Real Pistol Shooting Performance

Wed, 07 Jan 2026 15:41:40 Z

If you’re using words like “I think,” “I believe,” or “I’m probably” when talking about your pistol shooting performance, you’re talking about opinion. Without quantitative evidence — personal range data — it’s not objective reality. It’s just a personal judgment. Or, to put it more bluntly, it’s fantasy.

Because I carry concealed, I want to be able to reliably predict my performance in real life. I want a demonstrable, verifiable level of proficiency that’s evidence-based. How I feel or think I’ll perform — untested — has no basis in reality. In order to predict my performance, I must measure my skills using benchmarks or recognized standards. And it’s only then, after I establish benchmarks for my own personal performance, that I have a reference point from which I can gauge my progress, identify skill gaps, and set goals. “You can’t change what you don’t measure.”

Test and Test Again

To get a realistic view of my skill set, I want to test and challenge my beliefs about my performance and training by running “tests.” For me, that’s:

Running qualifications or timed shooting drills from credible sources
Competing in practical shooting matches
Training with instructors who offer a POV that might contradict my current beliefs

If selecting a qual or timed drill, choose different degrees of difficulty and complexity to test your fundamentals. Look at the results objectively. The target isn’t judging your performance. The goal is to get an objective assessment of your skill set in a point in time, giving you that reference point from which you can measure yourself against recognized standards, identify areas for improvement, and then track progress.

If you make the times and get the hits in a qual or drill, celebrate your success but don’t stop there. These are benchmarks but not the end of the training journey. When you don’t know what the fight might look like, “good enough” may not be enough. Keep pushing the envelope on speed and accuracy.

Five-Yard Roundup

Today I worked on the Justin Dyal Five-Yard Roundup. In his words, it’s a drill that tests your ability to get “solid hits under realistic time pressure at relatively close range.” It’s a quick, low round count drill that assesses key concealed carry skills, like draw stroke, grip, vision and single hand shooting. All at close range where you are more likely to actually engage in a real life defensive encounter. The drill is 10 rounds run on a B8 at 5 yards. There are 4 strings: one round from the holster, 4 rounds from the ready, 3 rounds from the ready with strong hand, 2 rounds from the ready with support hand. You have 2.5 seconds to complete each string and want all your hits in the black. Because it’s close range, it’s a great drill to test your vision and your ability to focus on the target and react to your sights more efficiently, rather than slowing down and over-confirming. At five yards you can go fast with full accountability. If you carry, this is an achievable benchmark for defensive purposes.

Assessing results

My biggest takeaway today was I still need to put in more work on my strong and support hand shooting with a focus on building a better platform and maintaining a more solid grip so I can get the gun to return more consistently. Second, at close range I don’t need a stopped, stable dot or even a bouncing dot. I just need to see a slash of red to give me what I need to shoot sooner. Ideally, I want to get my times down to 1.5 seconds for the draw and free style strings. Why? Based on research, the fight may be over in just three seconds.

Incorporate tests into your regular practice

I like to select a different qual each range practice day and run it cold. This gives me a realistic assessment of my fundamentals and on-demand performance. I know how my performance stacks up and what gaps I need to fill — based on reality.

Unfortunately, someone with low skill or a newer shooter probably doesn’t have enough knowledge or experience to accurately judge or assess his or her own performance. Making it that much more important to look for evidence that disconfirms beliefs or to train with a vetted instructor who can observe and provide valuable feedback that will inform your practice.

ShootingClasses Business Benefits for Firearms Instructors

Wed, 10 Dec 2025 09:01:09 Z

Why ShootingClasses is Valuable for Business Owners

Owning a firearms training business requires instructors to wear many hats. In addition to conducting classes, instructors also need to sort through class rosters, manage certifications, schedule courses, process payments, and perform other tasks away from the range. These administrative tasks are necessary to grow your firearms training business, but they can be time-consuming and overwhelming. There is a smarter way to manage and market your firearms training business with ShootingClasses. We will help market your business and take on administrative duties to streamline organization, so you can devote more time to teaching students valuable firearms skills. Ditch the outdated methods of paperwork and spreadsheets and welcome a streamlined, organized digital dashboard where you can manage classes, store information, and market your firearms training business – all from one convenient location that can be accessed from anywhere.

Class Scheduling Made Easy

Managing multiple course schedules can quickly become overwhelming. ShootingClasses alleviates this challenge by consolidating all your class schedules into a single, accessible online dashboard. No more searching for paper files or messy spreadsheets. You can access class schedules right on your instructor dashboard from anywhere. If you have a change for a course, you can update the listing through your dashboard to prevent miscommunication with students. ShootingClasses helps you fill up your courses quickly with students who are eager to improve their firearms skills.

Registration Efficiency

Reach more prospective students with ShootingClasses. Students can register for your courses with just a few clicks. ShootingClasses allows for prospective students to search by ZIP code, city, or state, so you can increase visibility to those in your area. Once students are registered, you can use your instructor dashboard to manage rosters. Reaching a broad student base and simplifying the registration process is crucial to scaling your firearms training business.

Specialty Course Promotion

Do you teach a specialty firearms course, such as women-only, active shooter, or security guard training? ShootingClasses makes you more visible to students through our unique course search filter tool that enables students to find specialized firearms training programs that meet their specific needs and interests. From concealed carry and shotgun training to law enforcement and scenario-based courses, there are many searchable class categories where students can locate your firearms training courses. As an instructor, you can also offer online courses (100% online or hybrid) to reach students who can’t attend in-person classes but still want the firearms and CCW training. By listing your specialty courses on ShootingClasses, you increase your visibility among targeted demographics who are actively searching for these niche programs. This targeted exposure can dramatically boost enrollment numbers and build a reputation for expertise in specific areas of firearms training. Grow your business by locating more students for your specialty training courses.

Market Your Business

It is easier than ever to market your firearms training business with ShootingClasses. Students learn about firearms trainers from a variety of sources, including social media, flyers, emails, and word of mouth. When you partner with ShootingClasses, you will receive a customized QR code that, when scanned, leads to your instructor dashboard. From here, prospective students can browse your upcoming courses, register for classes, enter payment information, and view your credentials. This seamless interaction facilitates immediate engagement and conversion, offering a powerful channel for attracting new clients. You can add this QR code to your business cards, email signature line, social media accounts, and any other mediums that you use to reach new students.

Effectively Manage Certifications

When students reach a milestone in class that results in a certification, you can upload the information to their ShootingClasses student profile. It can be time-consuming to print out and distribute certificates, not to mention the resulting paper clutter. Digital certifications not only save time, but they are simple to add right from your instructor dashboard.

Start Growing Your Training Business Today

Don’t delay growing your firearms training business any longer. Now you can reach new students, organize important documents, and manage courses all in an easy-to-use platform. Get started today by signing up for a free 90-day ShootingClasses trial. If you activate your subscription before the trial expires, you will receive a special rate of $15/month for the first year.

Dispelling Myths and Fallacies About Pistol Optics

Fri, 29 Aug 2025 16:24:00 Z

Single focal plane. Faster target acquisition. A more natural, intuitive way to aim. These are the key advantages of running an optic on your pistol — for sport, home defense, CCW or competition.

Optics are now the standard.

Optic-ready guns are more readily available. Manufacturers are offering handguns with an optic already mounted. Glock recently launched their Glock + Aimpoint COA combo to the general consumer and has been unable to meet the demand. Carry Optics is now the largest division in USPSA competition. It’s the only division with its own standalone Nationals event. And today nearly half of all new USPSA members are choosing Carry Optics as their first division.

Just ten years ago the landscape was much different. The Carry Optics Division got its start in mid-2015 as a provisional division. Iron sights dominated the competition world at this time. In 2015, If you wanted to run an optic, you needed to get your slide milled to mount the optic, which was costly and time consuming. After its first year, Carry Optics accounted for just 2.45% of all USPSA activity. But by 2021, it was the most shot division, accounting for 30.8% of reported activity. And by 2022, it accounted for nearly 40% all activities.

Why does this matter? What happens in the competition world is where the industry is going. And it’s influencing the adoption of trends and training techniques by the general shooting population.

I’ve put tens of thousands of rounds through my guns, running irons and pistol optics, shooting them in training, practice, instructing and competition. With that experience, I want to try to clear up some frustrating misconceptions that persist about optics:

You do not need to learn how to shoot with irons first. Fact: Learning irons first isn’t wrong. But it will require you to unlearn one technique: front sight focus — and learn a new technique: hard target focus. There is no reason you need learn to use iron sights first. You can apply hard target focus when using irons if you want to address the argument that you may need your back-up irons if your dot fails.
You shouldn’t have to “find the dot.” Fact: Regardless of whether you’re using a red dot or irons, you must develop your index. If you’re looking for the dot, then this is a red flag that you don’t have a developed index. It’s a signal that you need to work on fixing your grip and learning how to bring the gun up consistently into your eye target line, with the dot landing on a small focal point, centered in the glass so you can take your first shot immediately. This is a training issue, not a gear issue. The dot just makes it much more obvious and easier to detect this deficiency. It’s not a con, it’s an advantage. Develop your index. It is the foundation for all of your shooting.
You should not be aiming with your dot. Fact: if you’re looking at the red dot and aiming with it, then you’re not using the technology correctly. You should not be looking at your dot. A dot allows you to be target or threat focused, which is more natural. Keeping both eyes open gives you a wider field of view as you superimpose the dot on a small spot on your target. If you’re looking at the dot through the window, then you’re applying old techniques to new technology. Both eyes should remain open and stay locked on that small spot.
The optic window is not easily obstructed. Fact: Your optic window isn’t a failure point. I’ve trained in all kinds of conditions, heat, cold, fog, rain, indoors, outdoors, dealing with dirt, sand, sweat, dust and water. I’ve dropped my gun in mud and run competition stages in the rain. A smudge or some dirt will not obscure your target. If the dot remains clear and visible and you stay target focused, with both eyes open, lens clarity is less critical. In fact, because of how our eyes and brain work, you can occlude the dot by covering the front of the optic with tape and still acquire your target. Not only is this a great training tool to learn how to shoot target focused, you’re less likely to be distracted by debris on the lens.
You have no idea what your fight will look like. Fact: You do not know if you’ll need to shoot at 3 yards or 25 yards. Don’t be lulled into a false sense of security about what skill or gear you need for a self-defense scenario. You want the maximum advantage possible. Because you are accountable for every round that leaves your gun, you must be able to get at least minimal confirmation that your rounds are going where you want them to go. Dealing with a single focal plane, superimposing a dot on a threat, is easier to execute under stress than aligning a front and rear sight, especially with higher risk targets that may require a more refined sight picture.

The cons for running a pistol optic that may have existed in the past are no longer relevant. A high quality optic is built to withstand a lot of punishment. It maintains its zero. It’s reliable and stable. It’s intuitive and easy to learn.

Ultimately, the decision to run irons vs. an optic really just comes down to personal preference. But be honest about your reasons. Don’t let the challenge of learning a new skill or being uncomfortable with an ugly target while learning get in the way of becoming a better shooter.

If you’re still unsure about adding an optic, take a class. Vet your instructor to ensure he or she is staying current with industry trends, investing in training and testing skills under pressure through competition.

Interested in taking a firearms class near you? Trainers, register as a shooting instructor today.

What the FBI Data Really Says About Self-Defense Shootings – And Why Most CPL Classes Miss the Mark

Fri, 29 Aug 2025 15:35:17 Z

What the FBI Data Really Says About Self-Defense Shootings?

When it comes to self-defense with a firearm, there is no shortage of myths, opinions, and internet bravado. But if you are training for a real-life defensive encounter, wouldn’t it make sense to base your training on real incidents, not Hollywood fantasies, or outdated drills? That is where FBI data and law enforcement shooting studies become crucial.

In this post, we will break down what the FBI and other official sources say about defensive shootings. We will also examine how most concealed pistol license (CPL) or concealed carry classes fall short and what kind of training better prepares you for the reality of a life-or-death encounter.

The FBI's Use-of-Force and LEOKA Data: A Window into Real Gunfights

Each year, the FBI publishes reports on law enforcement use-of-force incidents and Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA). While the data focuses on police, it offers some of the best real-world insight into deadly force encounters, especially when you consider that civilian defensive shootings often mirror many of the same dynamics.
Here is what the data consistently shows:

1. Distance Is Close

Most fatal encounters occur within 0–10 feet.
In fact, many shootings occur within 3 feet, a distance close enough to touch.
FBI LEOKA reports and multiple police debriefs show officers often get ambushed at arms-length distance, leaving little or no time to react.

2. Time Is Short

Most gunfights are over in 2–5 seconds.
The average number of rounds fired is 2 to 3.
There’s rarely time to “think it over” or assess a sight picture under stress.

3. Movement Is a Factor

• In most real-world shootings, at least one party is moving, and often both.
• Offenders are frequently charging, fleeing, or taking cover.

4. Low-Light Conditions Are Common

A significant portion of these encounters happen in reduced or poor lighting, often during early morning or nighttime hours.

5. Reloads Rarely Occur

Reloads are extremely rare in civilian self-defense cases.
If the threat is not neutralized in the first magazine, the fight often ends another way, either the attacker flees or the defender retreats.

What’s Actually Happening in Civilian Defensive Gun Use?

While the FBI data mostly covers law enforcement, the same principles apply to armed civilians. Studies like the National Self-Defense Survey and data compiled by researchers like John Lott and the CDC indicate:

Defensive gun use happens over 1 million times per year (some estimates are higher).
In most cases, the gun is not even fired — the threat is deterred by presentation.
When shots are fired, close quarters and extreme stress dominate the situation.

A key takeaway? You will not have time to think, reload, or run a clean drill. You will react based on how you trained; or you’ll freeze.

What’s Taught in Most CPL/CCW Classes?

Here is where we run into a major disconnect.

The standard concealed carry or CPL course, especially in states like Michigan, usually focuses on:

Legal education (which is important).
Safe gun handling.
Basic marksmanship.
Live fire qualification of 30 rounds at distances like 3, 7, and 15 yards.
No movement, no drawing from a holster, no stress drills.

These classes are not designed to train you for a fight. They are designed to help you meet minimum legal requirements, and that’s a critical distinction.

Most CPL Classes Do NOT Teach:

• How to draw from concealment under pressure.
How to shoot at contact distances (0–3 feet).
One-handed or injured-limb shooting.
How to handle moving threats or shoot while moving.
How to defend your weapon from a grab attempt.
How to issue commands or manage bystanders.
How to deal with legal aftermath or police contact after a shooting.

In other words, what is being taught does not reflect what happens in most defensive shootings.

Why That Gap Matters

This disconnect can lead to false confidence. A student may leave a CPL class thinking they’re “trained,” but without any exposure to stress, movement, or real-world context, they may freeze or fumble when their life actually depends on their skills.

Here is a scenario to consider:

You are at a gas station at night. A man quickly approaches within 5 feet, reaching for something in his waistband. You cannot retreat. You cannot run. You only have seconds, maybe less, to act.

Ask yourself:

Can you draw and get on target under that stress?
Have you ever trained at that distance?
Are you mentally and physically prepared?

If your only experience is standing still at a range firing at 7 yards, the answer is likely “no.”

What Training Should Look Like (Based on the Data)

So how should you train? Start by designing or seeking out programs that reflect what happens in defensive shootings:

1. Train for Close-Quarter Encounters

Focus on distances from 0 to 9 feet, not just 7-15 yards.
Learn how to create space, control the weapon, and shoot from compressed positions.

2. Incorporate Movement

Practice shooting while moving, lateral movement, and creating distance.
Include drills where the threat is also moving, ideally with a live role player or simulator.

3. Practice Under Stress

Use shot timers, low-light scenarios, or scenario-based drills.
Simulate being startled or surprised to train your response under adrenaline.

4. Learn Decision-Making Under Pressure

Add “shoot/no-shoot” scenarios.
Practice issuing verbal commands.
Work through scenarios involving bystanders, third parties, or ambiguous threats.

5. Build Confidence in Your Draw and Presentation

Practice drawing from concealment, clearing garments, and getting accurate hits fast.
Dry fire at home, then live fire with realistic gear when possible.

Final Thoughts: Train for Reality, Not for Paper

Firearms training is not just about shooting paper targets; it is about preparing to defend your life. The FBI and real-world data paint a picture that is faster, closer, and more chaotic than most gun owners are training for.

If you carry a gun for personal protection, don’t stop at the legal minimum.

Train for the distances that matter.
Build real skills under pressure.
Seek instructors who focus on reality-based training. Just do not just check boxes.

Because when the moment comes, you will not rise to the occasion, you will fall to the level of your training.

Why Your Eyes Lie: Understanding Visual Perception in a Gunfight

Thu, 28 Aug 2025 15:08:37 Z

When the average person imagines a gunfight, they picture something clean, crisp, and cinematic. You see the threat clearly, draw smoothly, and put rounds exactly where they need to go. That image could not be further from the truth. In a real defensive shooting, your body undergoes an intense and immediate stress response that drastically alters the way your senses—especially your vision work.

At Michigan Pistol Academy, we train students to expect the unexpected. That includes the fact that your eyes may lie to you when your life is on the line. In this article, we will explore what happens to your vision under extreme stress, how it impacts your performance, and how to train effectively for these conditions.

The Science Behind “Fight or Flight” Vision

When you perceive a deadly threat, your brain triggers the sympathetic nervous system, initiating the classic fight-or-flight response. This dumps adrenaline and other stress hormones into your system. While these chemicals help prepare your body to fight or flee, they also cause several side effects, especially when it comes to your vision.

Stress-induced visual changes include:

Tunnel Vision – A narrowing of the visual field, which can eliminate peripheral awareness.
Target Fixation – An involuntary, intense focus on the perceived threat to the exclusion of everything else.
Depth Perception Distortion – Misjudging distance to the target or background.
Motion Perception Changes – Things may seem to slow down or speed up, impacting timing and response.
Reduced Visual Acuity – Your “sharpness” of vision may deteriorate due to pupil dilation and other stress effects.

These changes are not psychological guesses; they're well-documented physiological responses. And if you do not train with this reality in mind, you may find yourself completely unprepared in the moment that counts.

Why You May Not See a Second Attacker

One of the most dangerous effects of tunnel vision is that it robs you of situational awareness. If you are fixated on the first threat, especially if they have a weapon, you may completely miss the fact that there's a second assailant coming from your flank.

This is not just theory. Surveillance footage of real-life defensive shootings has shown time and again that defenders often fail to notice additional threats, even when they are plainly visible on video. The human brain filters information under stress, and prioritizes the most immediate perceived danger.

In training, this is why scanning and 360-degree threat awareness are essential. But here is the kicker: if you only ever train this skill at the end of a drill ("scan and assess" as a mechanical habit), it won't carry over to real life. You must incorporate dynamic, multi-threat scenarios in force-on-force or reality-based training environments for this skill to take root.

When Vision “Zooms In”: The Illusion of Clarity

Another common phenomenon is what is known as perceptual narrowing. This is when your vision “zooms in” on the weapon in the assailant’s hand, or on their face, to the exclusion of everything else. You are essentially looking through a soda straw.

The problem? While this intense focus might help you identify one threat, it destroys your ability to track movement, assess surroundings, or recognize other cues like cover options or bystanders.
For example, if you are solely focused on the bad guy's gun, you might not even realize you are standing in the open with zero protection, or worse, you might miss that they’ve already started moving or reloading.

Training tip: Force your eyes to break fixation during drills. Move targets, incorporate auditory distractions, or use scenario-based video simulations to help condition your brain to break focus and process a broader visual field.

Why Shooters Miss—or Hit Too Low—Under Stress

Law enforcement and civilian defensive gun use studies repeatedly show that many shots fired in real-life encounters miss their target completely. And when they do hit, they often strike lower than expected like, hips, thighs, or even legs.

There are two main reasons for this:

Biological Response to Stress: Under extreme stress, your body adopts a crouched, hunched position, knees bent, head down, shoulders forward. You may instinctively look over the sights and point the gun lower than normal.
Visual Perception Shift: Because your depth perception is distorted, you may perceive the target as closer or farther than it really is. Combined with poor grip or trigger control under stress, this leads to errant shots, especially low hits.

Also, some shooters unconsciously aim at the center of mass they can see, which in many cases is the assailant’s chest if they are crouched or behind cover. If the attacker is wearing dark clothing or there’s poor lighting, visual cues get even more unreliable.

Training tip: Train to the torso, not just the chest. Practice engaging targets at multiple elevations, while in awkward positions, and from realistic angles—not just static, upright targets.

How to Train to Overcome Deceptive Vision

So, what can you do to overcome these “visual lies” and prepare for a real gunfight?
Here are proven strategies:

1. Reality-Based Training

Force-on-force scenarios with role players or simulation equipment (e.g., UTM, airsoft, or laser platforms) create the stress inoculation necessary to experience and manage tunnel vision and fixation in a safe environment.

2. Low-Light and Variable-Light Training

Since most real-world encounters happen in low-light conditions, train in environments that include shadows, flickering light, or light transitions to challenge visual processing.
3. Dynamic Movement Drills

Standing still on a square range is NOT how fights happen. Movement helps train your visual system to adjust and stay oriented under stress. Use cover, change elevation, and simulate movement while engaging.

4. Multi-Threat Engagement

Train for multiple threats. Use numbered targets or targets that appear in unpredictable sequences. Force your eyes and brain to assess—not just shoot.

5. Verbal Engagement and Problem Solving

Include verbal commands, friend/foe recognition, and decision-making in your drills. This helps break the mechanical “see target, shoot target” habit and encourages you to process visual and auditory information simultaneously.

Final Thought: See More, Survive More

Gunfights are not just a test of your trigger finger, they’re a test of your perception, judgment, and ability to perform under extreme pressure. Your eyes, no matter how trained, are still connected to a brain that can panic, filter, or even fabricate information in the heat of the moment.

At Michigan Pistol Academy, we teach more than marksmanship. We teach survival, rooted in reality. The next time you are on the range, remember: real-world accuracy starts with seeing clearly and that means knowing when your eyes are lying to you.

“Train smarter. Train harder. Train for reality.”
– Michigan Pistol Academy

Conducting a First-Time Class for Beginner Female Shooters

Tue, 12 Aug 2025 12:25:04 Z

I recently had the opportunity to conduct a class just for beginner female shooters. While women’s shooting classes are growing in popularity, I wanted to create a unique experience specifically for those who are completely new to firearms. It's an exciting journey for many, as they explore which firearm suits them best and how to carry it confidently, all while considering their commitment to ongoing training.

partnering with WildHerness

Recently, I was contacted by a representative from WildHERness, a fantastic organization that inspires women to embrace the great outdoors and develop various skills. She asked if I would be interested in teaching a class for novice female shooters who are looking to conceal and carry for self-defense. When she inquired, I was more than excited as my passion is teaching. While I've taught more advanced classes in the past, nothing compares to the joy that I experience when someone, who has never handled a gun before, successfully hits their target during our training. The look of accomplishment on their face is simply priceless.

Building the Class Experience

Teaching this course wouldn’t have been possible without the instruction support of two long-time shooting friends, and my daughter. As instructors, we often encourage people to visit a local gun shop to find a firearm that feels perfect in their hands. However, sometimes the salespeople may not prioritize the customer’s needs and be more focused on promoting certain products due to incentives. It’s also fairly common for them to suggest renting guns at shooting ranges for a trial period, but how many times have you heard someone express regret over their first handgun purchase?

With this in mind, I set out to create a comprehensive class that covers safe firearm handling and equips participants with the basics of marksmanship along with the knowledge they need to make informed choices about their firearm purchase all while being geared towards concealed carry. To make things easier, I included all firearms and ammunition as part of the class fee, in hopes of eliminating any stress about what they needed to purchase prior to the class.

To ensure a supportive environment, I made sure to have three shooters on the line at a time, with ample space to allow a coach to stand comfortably beside each one. Each participant had an assigned coach through the day that focused on reinforcing safety rules and providing helpful adjustments with grip, stance, and trigger control.

We set up B-8 targets at a distance of 5 yards. Each participant took turns firing ten rounds before noting the make, model, and caliber of their firearm on the target. After everyone fired their rounds, we rotated until all participants had the chance to try each firearm before switching to the next group. While one group fired, another coach engaged the remaining participants in lively discussions about accessories and all content related to concealed carry.

Building Confidence in Women

I felt like starting with .22 caliber pistols was a smart decision as they have lower recoil and reduced noise that really helped the ladies gain confidence in their new skills. The three starting options I chose were a suppressed FN 502 to help those that were a little more anxious if it was their first time shooting, the Ruger Mark II heavy barrel, and the Glock 44.

We then transitioned to 9mm handguns, featuring the Glock 19, Glock 43, and a Sig Sauer model. Each participant fired another ten rounds through each pistol. It wasn't a surprise to me that most participants found the Glock 19 easier to shoot compared to the subcompact models. This sparked a more engaging conversation. Generally, larger pistols provide better control, leading to greater accuracy—especially for novice shooters. Plus, they typically offer more comfort during extended training sessions.

I specifically chose models to practice with that are readily available in stores. I wanted to make sure they had a genuine experience, rather than trying out modified firearms that could lead to disappointment later on if they purchased a stock version off of the shelf.

One of the best discussion points of the day was about optimal carry methods. My petite 19-year-old daughter demonstrated the Crossbreed Modular Belly Band 2.0, which is a fantastic option for individuals with smaller frames looking to carry a Glock 19-sized pistol. This innovative system attaches directly to the body without needing a belt or loops, making it versatile enough to work with every clothing option from skirts to workout shorts.

What sets the Crossbreed apart from traditional belly bands is its Kydex insert that can be customized for different makes and models. This means users can easily re-holster safely with one hand without having to worry about the holster collapsing. It showcased that they can carry a larger pistol while dressing stylishly and comfortably. We also discussed traditional holsters and off-body carry methods while weighing the pros and cons of every approach.

Though a course like this may not be the most lucrative, it plays an important role in educating and empowering novice female shooters, which I find incredibly fulfilling. I'm beyond grateful that WildHERness, approached me for this initiative. We have already planned another class in the near future, with hopes of more to come!

If you are interested in a female only shooting class, schedule a class today!

What You Need to Know About Concealed Carry Laws

Wed, 25 Jun 2025 17:27:14 Z

With many states making moves toward permit-less carry (“constitutional carry”), you may be wondering if it’s still worth it to get a concealed carry permit — or if you need one at all. The answer is YES.

Carrying a concealed firearm requires a strong understanding of both legal and ethical components. And getting a concealed carry permit shows you’ve taken all of the right steps to not just carry a weapon but carry one responsibly.

ARE ALL STATE’S CONCEALED CARRY LAWS DIFFERENT?

In every state, the concealed carry laws are not the same. Curious if you can carry a gun in your state without a permit? I encourage you to check your state’s Department of Justice website or the US Concealed Carry Association for the most up-to-date information.

Regardless of any state’s concealed carry requirements, a concealed carry permit demonstrates to law enforcement and to the public that you have taken the necessary steps to carry in a conscientious manner. However, it’s important to know that because firearms laws are so complex, a permit alone won’t fully protect you from a legal standpoint if you do have to use your gun for self-defense. Even if you’re justified, you might still face legal challenges and fees. Train2Protect partners with companies that offer discounted legal programs, giving you access to an attorney and other necessary support when you need.

THE BENEFITS OF RECIPROCITY

Another important reason to get a concealed carry permit is reciprocity under your state’s pistol transport laws. Your state concealed carry permit may be recognized in several other states. In fact, other states may have extremely strict gun laws. So, carrying a weapon in those states without a permit could result in hefty fines, criminal charges, or even jail time. This is crucial to keep in mind if you plan to travel.

Depending on the state you live in, a concealed carry permit may be recognized in your neighboring states and a number of other states. Reciprocity means you can legally carry your concealed firearm across state lines without having the need for a permit application in each state you visit. If you travel frequently, reciprocity offers peace of mind and allows you to maintain a consistent level of personal protection.

PROTECT YOUR LOVED ONES

Now that we’ve covered if you can carry a gun in your state with or without a permit, let’s dig deeper. In our unpredictable world, personal safety is a top priority. And simply owning a gun isn’t enough. A concealed carry permit can give you an extra layer of protection in threatening situations, helping you defend yourself and those who matter most.

Although a firearm doesn’t guarantee safety, the training you get as part of the process can improve your judgment and help you resolve threats (often without needing to use your gun!). And while it can take the police some time to respond to an emergency call, a permit empowers you to respond quickly and act with confidence.

EXPAND YOUR FIREARM SAFETY KNOWLEDGE

Many states require firearm safety courses and background checks. This ensures that permit holders know how to handle their gun safely and responsibly.

Even if your state’s concealed carry laws remove the permit requirement, getting educated is essential. These courses cover critical topics:

How to safely and correctly handle and store your firearm
Self-defense laws
The appropriate time to use your gun
Adhering to local laws
What’s at stake for you legally as soon as you draw your weapon

Training builds confidence in other areas too. You’ll learn how to adopt important soft skills like de-escalating or escaping a dangerous situation, which can help you navigate emergency situations successfully. Why is this important? Because as soon as you show your weapon, you never know what the consequences will be for the other person and for you.

CONFIDENTLY CARRY WITH TRAIN2PROTECT

Bottom line… a concealed carry permit isn’t just about possessing a firearm; it’s about becoming proficient in using your weapon both safely and effectively.

When you choose to embrace the concealed carry lifestyle, it should never be a casual decision. Owning a firearm comes with a large responsibility and awareness of the consequences of your actions. Even if your state may no longer require a concealed carry permit by law, getting one is still critical.

A permit allows you to carry a handgun, provides legal protection, and improves your personal safety. It also offers reciprocity, letting you carry in other states while traveling. Plus, the required training helps you get more proficient and confident in your abilities, requiring awareness of your surroundings and actions at all times. Why? Because when you carry a firearm, you’re more likely to avoid unnecessary confrontations, knowing the gravity of your actions and the consequences they may bring.

Carrying With Caution

Ultimately, having a permit brings greater peace of mind and a deeper understanding of both the responsibilities and legal risks involved. If you are considering this path, be sure to thoroughly research the laws and regulations in your area — and commit to ongoing training to ensure safe and responsible firearm use both today and in the future.

Aim High. Train Better. Knowing your state’s concealed carry laws is just the first step.

Women's Personal Safety: How to Avoid Violent Encounters

Tue, 15 Apr 2025 20:19:36 Z

In a world where danger can strike at any moment, women’s personal safety has never been more important. A staggering 736 million women worldwide have experienced some form of physical or sexual violence in their lifetime. That’s one in three women!

The good news is that with the proper mental and physical preparation, you can reduce your risk of facing violent encounters. The skills you develop today can make all the difference in protecting yourself tomorrow.

Whether you're a seasoned concealed carry permit holder or just starting to think about your safety strategy, now is the time to take proactive steps to sharpen both your awareness and response capabilities.

Defense calls. Are you ready? Get the personal safety advice you need to stay safe!

What Is Personal Safety?

Personal safety involves being aware of potential threats, knowing how to avoid them, and having the tools, skills, and mindset to act if necessary.

For many women, the challenge isn’t just recognizing a threat but feeling capable of defending themselves.

Types of personal safety encompass more than just physical protection. They also include mental preparation to react calmly in an unexpected situation. From situational awareness to self-defense techniques, a versatile arsenal of personal safety skills can empower you to navigate through a crisis or threat with confidence.

How to Be Prepared for the Unexpected

Did you know that one in two women and one in seven men feel unsafe walking home alone late at night? A well-prepared and proactive safety plan can significantly reduce common fears by equipping you with the knowledge, awareness, and skills to respond effectively to unexpected threats.

So, how do you prepare for the unexpected?

Here are some essential personal safety tips for women when faced with potentially dangerous situations:

Situational Awareness
The first line of defense is being aware of your surroundings at all times, particularly in unfamiliar or unsafe areas. Trust your instincts; if something doesn’t feel right, it probably isn’t. Always take note of exits, people around you, and any possible threats. Our women’s personal safety training courses will help you cultivate soft skills to prevent dangerous situations before they escalate into real harm.
Women’s Personal Safety Devices
A personal safety device helps create a physical barrier between you and a potentially violent encounter. Consider options like concealed carry firearms or non-lethal alternatives such as pepper spray or a taser. These tools can give you a sense of security and the ability to defend yourself if needed.
Training and Practice
Simply owning a firearm isn't enough to guarantee your safety! Regularly practice and stay current on self-defense techniques to be ready at a moment’s notice. At Train2Protect, our concealed carry classes do more than just teach you how to shoot—you’ll develop a defensive mindset and rapid response capabilities for any dangerous situation.
Weapon Storage and Accessibility
Ensure your firearm is stored securely and still remains accessible for an emergency. The last thing you want is to be unable to access your weapon when you need it most. Stay informed about local laws and regulations on keeping your gun on hand if needed.

Train Today, Protect Tomorrow

Life is valuable, and so is your time. The right training now ensures you're ready for that one moment that matters most.

Personal safety for women is a top priority at Train2Protect, and we’re dedicated to equip you with everything you need to defend yourself when the unexpected arises.

Develop valuable soft and hard skills, so you feel prepared to act under any circumstance. Through our expert-led training classes, you’ll learn how to assess threats, stay calm under pressure, and make critical decisions when faced with danger.

Don’t wait until it’s too late! Whether you’re starting from scratch or refining your existing skills, our flexible training programs are designed to meet you where you are and empower you with the confidence you need to protect yourself.

Train for excellence. Defend with confidence. Strengthen your threat responses, so you can handle whatever life throws your way. The right personal safety training could make all the difference.

Interested in taking a firearms class near you? Trainers, register as a shooting instructor today.

Firearm Owner’s Legacy Letter of Instructions

Wed, 26 Mar 2025 16:09:24 Z

Do you have highly trusted close relatives or friends who would know what to do with your firearms, ammunition, and assorted gear when you die?

Have a couple of them agreed to take on that responsibility?

Have you made sure that your executor and heirs know to go to them when that time comes?

What details should you put in a letter of instructions on how to dispose of your armory when you die?

You have a will, right? (Please say yes; be truthful!) You might have a revocable living trust, a gun trust, or both, too. (If you don’t know why these are great, ask a local estate attorney.) But if you do not have a separate gun trust, your executor and successor trustees will need details about what to do with your guns and gear. This reality hit us when my wife had to dispose of her recently deceased brother's safe full of guns (without the combination, of course).

Why Write an Instruction Letter?

Consider an instruction letter to supplement your will and trust documents. As estate laws are different in each state, it is essential to work with your lawyer in your state to link this letter properly into your will and trusts. Regrettably, heirs and other family members do fight over stuff. The way to deal with such fights is in the courts. Having your instruction letter recognized as enforceable under your will and trusts will make life much easier for your heirs.

I’m in my 70s, healthy, exercise three times a week, an active firearms instructor, and taking university classes to keep my mind agile. At the same time, I can tell my memory is not what it was even 10 years ago. With that context, my wife and I are working on a letter of instructions for her, my executor, and heirs on exactly what to do with my guns and gear when I die. In addition, should my family (particularly my wife) properly determine I am no longer mentally or physically safe to handle guns, they can act using this letter.

What Documents to Prepare

We are preparing three documents: a letter of instructions, an inventory, and instructions for the safes sealed in an envelope. We will give copies of the first two to a selection of trusted family and friends, and the last to a limited number within that broader group. If you follow this program, be sure to give copies of all three to any estate planning lawyer you hire to store with their copy of your will.

What should be in each of the documents?

Letter of instructions, Dated and SIGNED.

In order, who needs to act based on the letter, starting with the spouse or executor.
Specific instructions on who should and who should not be given access to any firearms.
Who has copies of the letter and inventory.
Who has copies of the letter, inventory, and safe instructions.
Who you designate to receive specific items in the inventory (guns, ammunition, gear, etc.) as gifts or bequests.
Guidance on how to dispose of the guns.
- How to match cases and holsters with the guns to prepare for transfer.
- Local gun shops that can take items on consignment. Personally, I prefer local gun shops, but many large sporting goods stores can handle this, also. Include a note that those shops cannot usually deal with your stored ammunition, but they may have advice on how to deal with the ammunition.
- Information on local estate sales companies that may be able to assist in the sales. Details will vary by state due to Federal and state laws.
- Information on local transfer procedures, reminder of no transfers across state lines, when and how to use a Federal Firearms Licensed dealer to handle the transfer, and especially if your state has a Universal Background Check law how to comply.
More general advice on disposing of the rest of the gear, especially ammunition. You may have local membership ranges or instructors that can help out.

Inventory, DATED and SIGNED.

List each firearm with make, model, description, caliber, serial number, location, and location of the bill of sale or receipt if you have it.
If the gun is registered with a local or state agency, details on the registration and how to properly transfer the registration to a new owner.
If you have any suppressors/silencers or guns licensed with ATF as Federal Firearm Act (FFA) items, give details. (And ask your lawyer about a gun trust!)
Summary of ammunition on hand with calibers, location, and approximate quantity.
Holsters, associated with specific guns, with locations.
Cases associated with specific guns, with locations.
Cleaning & maintenance gear and instructions, with locations.
Targets and practice gear like shotgun clays and flingers.
Reloading gear and supplies.

Safe information, sealed in a marked envelope.

Make, model, description, serial number, location, and location of each gun safe and lockable storage box.
Combination for each safe and location of keys.
Instructions for changing the combination on each safe.
Suggestions on whether to keep or dispose of each. (For example, we are recommending that the large safe convey with the house when sold.)

Finally, remember to update the inventory every time you get a gun or dispose of one, or your list of key people changes, and send the new copies to everyone on this action list. Your lawyer can tell you whether you have to incorporate the inventory and safe information into the will and trusts.

A special thanks to fellow ShootingClasses.com instructor and lawyer Deron Boring, 1791 Training for his contribution on this article.

Interested in taking a firearms class near you? Trainers, register as a shooting instructor today.

Mental Preparation for Firearm Use

Wed, 05 Mar 2025 13:23:46 Z

Mental Preparation for Firearm Use: The Psychological Aspects of Self-Defense and Combat Shooting

Firearms training is not only about physical skills but also about mental preparedness. Popular topics include overcoming fear, building confidence, and the psychological aspects of self-defense and combat shooting.

Firearms training often focuses on physical skills like aiming, shooting, and reloading, but the mental aspect of using a firearm is just as crucial—if not more so. In the heat of a high-stress situation, your physical training may be rendered ineffective without the mental readiness to support it. For those involved in self-defense or combat shooting, the psychological component is paramount. This includes overcoming fear, building confidence, and understanding the psychological effects of using a firearm in life-threatening situations. Mental preparation can be the difference between a successful response to danger and a catastrophic failure.

Overcoming Fear

Fear is one of the most natural reactions to dangerous situations, and it can be both beneficial and detrimental. On one hand, fear activates the body’s "fight or flight" response, heightening awareness and preparing the individual to respond quickly to threats. On the other hand, overwhelming fear can cause indecision, paralysis, or erratic actions that can put you in greater danger. For a firearm owner or someone training for self-defense, the key is learning how to manage fear—not eliminate it.

Understanding Fear in High-Stress Situations

When you face a potential threat, fear can manifest in various ways, such as elevated heart rate, shallow breathing, trembling, and tunnel vision. These physiological responses are designed to prepare you for quick action, but they can cloud your judgment if not managed properly. The goal in firearms training is not to eliminate fear but to learn to control it. Fear is an emotional and physiological reaction that can overwhelm your senses, impair decision-making, and lead to hesitation or poor performance under stress.

Techniques for Overcoming Fear

One of the most effective ways to combat fear is through repetition and exposure. Just as athletes train their bodies through repetitive drills, shooters must practice in stressful scenarios to build mental toughness. Training with live-fire drills, simulations, or stress inoculation exercises helps prepare the mind for the intensity of a real-life situation.

Additionally, mental imagery or visualization is a powerful technique. By imagining high-pressure scenarios where you remain calm and focused, you can condition your mind to respond effectively when faced with danger. Visualization helps engrain the behaviors and thought processes needed in high-stress environments. It also aids in reducing the fear response over time, as the brain learns to associate the situation with a calm, controlled response.

Building Confidence

Confidence is another vital mental attribute in firearms training. A lack of confidence in your abilities can lead to hesitation or second-guessing during crucial moments. Whether you are carrying a firearm for self-defense, practicing at the range, or involved in competitive shooting, your confidence in your training and decision-making is essential.

Confidence Through Training

One of the most straightforward ways to build confidence is through consistent, deliberate practice. When you repeatedly train in a controlled environment, you gain familiarity with the firearm and its operation. Over time, this repetitive practice helps to reduce the "unknowns" of using a firearm and builds comfort. You will become more confident in your ability to manipulate the firearm, fire accurately, and react to various scenarios.

Confidence is also rooted in knowing you can handle situations that may arise. Firearms training that simulates real-world threats, such as reacting to a home intruder or dealing with hostile encounters, allows you to envision how you will perform under pressure. As you encounter different training scenarios, you will develop the belief that you can handle stressful situations effectively.

Building Self-Confidence After Fearful Experiences

For many people, especially those who have never been in a high-stress situation involving firearms, there is a level of fear and doubt that can arise after initial training experiences. In such cases, building confidence involves reframing negative experiences. If a person struggles with a specific skill, whether it’s clearing malfunctions, rapid target acquisition, or shooting on the move, focusing on gradual improvement and celebrating small victories will help to build confidence.

Positive reinforcement plays a role here. Recognizing progress—whether it's improving accuracy or maintaining composure during a stressful drill—boosts self-esteem and reinforces the belief that you are capable of defending yourself if necessary.

The Psychological Impact of Self-Defense and Combat Shooting

While overcoming fear and building confidence are vital components of mental preparation, it’s also crucial to address the deeper psychological aspects of firearms use, particularly when it comes to self-defense or combat shooting. The potential to take a life, even in a justified self-defense situation, can have profound emotional and psychological effects.

The Moral and Emotional Burden of Using Deadly Force

For many gun owners and those who engage in self-defense training, the notion of using deadly force is a heavy burden. Even in situations where using a firearm is legally justified, the emotional consequences of taking a life can be overwhelming. This "moral injury" can be compounded by questions of whether the threat was real enough to justify the use of force, guilt over the loss of life, or the psychological trauma from experiencing a violent encounter.

Training that includes discussions of the psychological aftermath of using a firearm can help prepare individuals to better handle these emotions should they ever face a life-or-death situation. This may involve stress management techniques, counseling, or even post-incident debriefing with law enforcement professionals or mental health counselors. Understanding the emotional toll of using force can make it easier to mentally cope with the aftermath.

Combat Stress and Adrenaline Dump

During a combat or self-defense situation, a phenomenon known as "adrenaline dump" occurs. This is the rapid release of adrenaline that prepares the body for action, often leading to an elevated heart rate, dry mouth, and increased alertness. In a gunfight, adrenaline can distort your perception of time, affect fine motor skills, and even cause temporary tunnel vision. Understanding this process and preparing for it mentally can help a shooter remain focused during stressful encounters.

To prepare for combat stress, firearms training should include stress inoculation drills. These drills simulate the high-stress environment of a real-life situation, allowing individuals to experience the effects of adrenaline and practice staying calm under pressure. The ability to stay focused on the task at hand—whether it’s aiming, reloading, or assessing the situation—is critical in ensuring an effective response.

The Role of Decision-Making Under Stress

The ability to make quick, effective decisions under stress is another psychological component that must be trained. In self-defense situations, hesitation can be deadly, and every action taken with a firearm must be deliberate. The mental challenge here lies in balancing the need to act quickly with the necessity to make the right decision.

Training that emphasizes decision-making under pressure is crucial. This includes recognizing when to draw a firearm, how to assess the threat, and when to de-escalate or retreat. Mental exercises that simulate real-life decision-making scenarios, such as determining whether to use deadly force, help prepare individuals for the high-stakes choices they may need to make.

Conclusion

Mental preparation for firearms use is just as important as physical training. Overcoming fear, building confidence, and understanding the psychological effects of combat shooting are crucial components of becoming a competent and responsible gun owner. Fear can be managed through exposure and mental conditioning, while confidence grows through consistent training and experience. Furthermore, understanding the emotional and psychological burdens of using deadly force helps to prepare individuals for the aftermath of a real-life self-defense encounter. Firearms training that incorporates mental preparedness, decision-making under pressure, and stress inoculation provides a comprehensive approach to gun ownership and self-defense, ensuring that individuals are ready both physically and mentally for any situation that may arise. The Michigan Pistol Academy is in Rochester Hills and Royal Oak, Michigan and provides comprehensive firearm training and education in the state of Michigan.

Interested in taking a firearms class near you? Trainers, register as a shooting instructor today.